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Apr 3, 2024

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According to the overview, the current section of the course focuses on which discipline(s)? (To be nice, I’m telling you not to mark ecological.) Sociological According to the overview, are Shaw and McKay as well as Sampson’s theories focused on the community-, individual-, or situationpsrticl-level of analysis? According to the overview, are Hirschi’s theories focused on the community-, individual-, or situational-level of analysis? According to the overview, what do Shaw and McKay theorize as the independent variable affecting crime? According to the overview, what does Sampson theorize as the independent variable affecting crime? According to the overview, what does Hirschi theorize as the independent variable affecting crime? According to the overview, what independent variable do Sampson and Laub add to Hirschi’s theory? True or false (according to the overview): All of the theories in this section see people as passive participants, not active ones, in what happens in their life. True or false: The Sampson who came up with collective efficacy theory is the same one who came up with the age-graded theory. SHAW & MCKAY. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND URBAN AREAS According to Shaw and McKay, the more subtle differences between types of communities in Chicago may be encompassed within what general proposition? In the areas of low rates of delinquents there is more or less uniformity, consistency, and universality of conventional values and attitudes with respect to child care, conformity to law, and related matters; whereas in the high-rate areas systems of competing and conflicting moral values have developed. According to Shaw and McKay, delinquency is an impelling force (in areas with higher rates of delinquents) because of what? Economic gain, prestige, other human satisfaction, and embodied in delinquent groups and criminal organizations According to Shaw and McKay, compared to children living in areas with high or middle economic status, those living in areas of low economic status are most exposed to what? The system of conventional activities or the system of criminal activities, or both. According to Shaw and McKay, boys knowing about crime (e.g., location of illegal institutions, etc.) is evidence that there are diverse value systems in low economic status neighborhoods. What is the other type of evidence they mention? Support the existence of diverse systems of values in various areas are to be found in the data on delinquency and crime.

According to Shaw and McKay, in high crime and delinquency areas, what do successive generations of boys transmit in the same way that language and other social forms are transmitted (i.e., taught)? Traditions of delinquency can be and are transmitted down through successive generations of boys According to Shaw and McKay, the cumulative effect of the transmission of tradition is seen in what two kinds of data that reveal what, respectively? (I.e., what are the “studies” or types of data, and what do they show?) Study of offenses, reveals that certain types of delinquency have tended to characterize certain city areas. Continuity of tradition within delinquent groups comprises the results of a study of the contacts between the delinquents, made through the use of official records. According to Shaw and McKay, how boys are inducted into unconventional behavior is revealed from case studies. These boys’ own life-stories reveal what, exactly? Indicate hoe at early ages the boys took part with older boys in delinquent activities, and how, and they themselves acquired experience, they initiated others into the same pursuits. Reveal the steps through which members are incorporated into the delinquent group organization. In the paragraph prior to the section titled, “Differential Social Organization”, Shaw and McKay argue that studies indicate what? That most delinquent acts are committed by boys in groups, that delinquent boys have frequent contact with other delinquents, that the techniques for specific offenses are transmitted through delinquent group organization, and that the boy is supported and sustained. According to Shaw and McKay, how/why are families in high-rate delinquency areas ineffective at opposing and reducing crime by children? (Hint: The answers are found across multiple pages.) According to Shaw and McKay, Thomas and Znaniecki suggest that effectively organized communities have what traits? Presence of social opinion with regard to problems of common interest, identical or at least consistent attitudes with references to these problems, the ability to reach approximate unanimity on the question of how a problem should be dealt with, and the ability to carry this solution into action through harmonious co-operation. True or false (according to Shaw and McKay): Economic segregation in and of itself furnishes an adequate explanation for delinquency. According to Shaw and McKay, what are the briefly summarized tenants of their general theoretical framework? The differentiation of areas and segregation of population within the city have resulted in wide variation of opportunities in the struggle got position within social order. According to Shaw and McKay, are black areas in the city worse off, equally bad as, or better off than white areas with rates of delinquents? True or false (according to Shaw and McKay): Communities with high rates of delinquency do not have social and economic characteristics that differentiate them from communities with low rate.

According to Shaw and McKay, what emphatically supports the conclusion that delinquency-producing factors are inherent in the community? According to Shaw and McKay, the available data suggests that local variations in the conduct of children reflect differences in what? Family relationships and in contacts with other institutions and groups According to Shaw and McKay, what are the implications of their theory for how to reduce delinquency in large American cities? 1. Any great reduction in the volume of delinquency in large cities probably will not occur except as general changes take place which effect improvements in the economic and social conditions surrounding children in those areas in which the delinquency rates are relatively high. 2. Individualized methods of treatment probably will not be successful in sufficiently large number of cases to result in any substantial diminution of the volume of delinquency and crime 3. Treatment and preventive efforts, if they are to achieve general success, should increasingly take the form of broad programs which seek to utilize more effectively. SAMPSON. COLLECTIVE EFFICACY THEORY According to Sampson, social disorganization emerged out of what “School”? Chicago School According to Sampson, how is social disorganization theoretically defined? The inability of a community to realize the common values of its residents and maintain effective social order According to Sampson, the tradition of community-level research in criminology was revitalized by what idea? Social capital According to Sampson, how did Bursik articulate the connection of social disorganization to social capital? Neighborhoods bereft of social capital, indicated primarily by depleted social networks, are less able to realize common values and maintain the social controls that foster safety. True or false (according to Sampson): Dense social ties almost always reduce crime. According to Sampson, collective efficacy unites what two concepts? Mutual support, cohesion, with a collective-action orientation, the activation of generation of community social order. True or false (according to Sampson): Social networks foster the conditions under which collective efficacy flourishes and are sufficient for the exercise of control. According to Sampson, the first study to test collective efficacy theory asked survey participants what questions to measure shared expectations about social control? Residents were asked about the likelihood that their neighbors could be counted on to take action if (1) children were skipping school and hanging out on a street corner; (2) children were spraying graffiti

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on a local building (3) children were showing disrespect to an adult (4) a fight broke out in front of their house (5) the fire station closest to home was threatened with budget costs According to Sampson, the first study to test collective efficacy theory asked survey participants what questions to measure social cohesion/trust? Whether they agree if people around here are willing to help their neighbors, people in this neighborhood can be trusted, this is a close-knit neighborhood, people in this neighborhood generally get along with each other and people in this neighborhood share the same values. According to Figure 5.1 in the Sampson article, more concentrated poverty and residential instability lead to what? (Hint: In the figure, a plus sign means the variable on the left increases the variable on the right, whereas a minus sign means the variable on the left decreases the variable on the right.) Decrease in collective efficacy, lead to an increase in violence/disorder/poor health According to Figure 5.1 in the Sampson article, denser social ties lead to what? Increase in collective efficacy leads to a decrease in violence/disorder/poor health According to Figure 5.1 in the Sampson article, greater organizational infrastructure leads to what? Leads to an increase in collective efficacy, leads to a decrease in violence/disorder/poor health HIRSCHI. CAUSES OF DELINQUENCY According to Hirschi, control theories assume what? Delinquent acts result when an individual's bond to society is weak or broken. According to Hirschi, the essence of internalization of norms, conscience and superego lies in what? In other words, it reflects what aspect of the social bond? Attachment According to Hirschi, when a person considers whether to commit crime, they consider whether doing so will risk losing what they already have (e.g., a job, partner). This reflects what aspect of the social bond? Commitment According to Hirschi, people who are busy doing legal things have less time to do illegal ones. This reflects what aspect of the social bond? Involvement or engrossment True or false (according to Hirschi): Control theory assumes the existence of multiple common value systems within the society or group whose norms are being violated. According to Hirschi, people commit less crime if they think society’s rules are more valid. This reflects what aspect of the social bond? Belief According to Hirschi, are people with a strong attachment to others more or less likely to have a strong commitment to achieve? According to Hirschi, are people with a strong commitment to succeed more or less involved in conventional activities?

According to Hirschi, are people with a strong attachment to others more or less likely to have a strong belief in the validity of society’s rules? According to Hirschi, what question is control theory designed to answer? Why don't we do it SAMPSON & LAUB. A LIFE-COURSE VIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRIME What is Sampson and Laub’s fundamental argument? Persistent offending and desistance can be meaningfully understood within the same theoretical framework What are Sampson and Laub’s mains points of disagreement with Moffitt (1993)? 1. Life-course desistance is the norm for all men and all crimes, including minor forms of deviance 2. Question the prospective or predictive power of offender groups and whether they are distinct to later trajectories. According to Sampson and Laub, does a man exhibit lower, similar, or higher rates of offending when married compared to when not married? In Sampson and Laub’s book Crime in the Making , what is the general organizing principle? The crime is more likely to occur when an individual's bond to society is attenuated. According to Sampson and Laub, does a man exhibit lower, similar, or higher rates of offending when employed compared to when unemployed? True or false: A fundamental thesis of Sampson and Laub’s age-graded theory of informal control is that experiences in adolescence and adulthood can redirect criminal trajectories in a more positive or more negative manner. According to Sampson and Laub, does a man exhibit lower, similar, or higher rates of offending as he ages? According to Sampson and Laub, adult offenders commit less crime when they hit “turning points,” such as getting married or a job. What mechanisms do the authors say underlie how these new situations lead to desistance? (1) new situations that “knife off” the past from A LIFE-COURSE VIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRIME 17 the present, (2) new situations that provide both supervision and monitoring as well as new opportunities of social support and growth, (3) new situations that change and structure routine activities, and (4) new situations that provide the opportunity for identity transformation (for detail

According to Sampson and Laub, how is “human agency” defined? the purposeful execution of choice and individual will True of false (according to Sampson and Laub): Human agency is important for understanding both desistance from crime and persistence in crime. True of false (according to Sampson and Laub): Human agency and rational choice are the same thing. THEORIST VIDEO. BURSIK The interviewer introduces Bursik as being responsible for the resurgence of what literature? Social disorganization How does Bursik’s upbringing in Omaha relate to his research? Differences in neighborhoods One of Bursik’s college psychology instructors taught the class to make hallucinogens out of what? Kitchen Cabinets (7:53) What was Bursik’s senior thesis about? Skid Row Alcoholism???? What would Bursik pound into his head near Wall Street to make like $50 an hour? Ice picks (9:30) While in Chicago, what book crystalized Bursik’s interest in neighborhood research? 69 edition of doom delinquency in urban areas True or false: Bursik’s dissertation was on neighborhoods and crime. While in IJR’s basement, what was Bursik’s first “great discovery”? Cardboard boxes that had all of the life history shock collected While in IJR’s basement, what was Bursik’s second “great discovery”? Opened a file cabinet of the original Shawn McCain, recoded data True or false: When Bursik first lived in Chicago, tattoo parlors were illegal. True or false: When Bursik was a student, there were more criminology and/or criminal justice departments than there are nowadays. What does Bursik describe as a “flimsy” part of Shaw & McKay’s theory of crime? (18:55-19:44) What does Bursik say is a “bad” trend of criminology? Our historical vision has shrunk (22 some) What does Bursik first mention as contributing to the successful reemergence of the neo- Rob showed one that ir could be empirically stuff. It is pretty predictable, impressive (27:20)

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What does Bursik first mention when asked which of his contributions he takes the most pride in? 88 problems prospect paper. He cringes due to the terminology he used (29:22). What does Bursik first mention when asked to describe the current status of social disorganization research? In a real important place in social disorganization at a place where the same thing that happened before is going to happen again What is the “biggest advice” Bursik gives for future generations interested in criminology? (43 mins) Make sure what you’re doing is important or quantity is important? What is the first thing Bursik mentions as a parting thought?

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