Chapter 12 Review Questions

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Zmaya Williams CJC-111-01IN Professor Harrison 1 April 2024 Question 1: What is probation? How did it develop? What purpose does it serve? Probation is an alternative to incarceration that involves supervising offenders in the community as opposed to locking them in prisons or jails. It developed in the 1800s as a more humane alternative that emphasized reformation over punishment. The purpose of probation is to rehabilitate law-breaking individuals and help them reintegrate into society through supervision and treatment while holding them accountable. Question 2: What is reentry and how is it associated with parole? How do probation and parole differ? How are they alike? Reentry refers to the process of incarcerated individuals transitioning and reintegrating back into the community after being released from prison. Parole is a period of conditional supervised release after incarceration that aims to aid this reentry process. Probation occurs in lieu of incarceration, while parole takes place after a prison sentence. Both involve the supervision of offenders in the community as an alternative to continued imprisonment. Question 3: List and explain the advantages and disadvantages of probation and parole.

Advantages: Lower costs than imprisonment, focus on rehabilitation, reduced prison overcrowding, community supervision allows offenders to work and support families. Disadvantages: May be seen as too lenient, requires significant resources to properly supervise offenders, failures/recidivism undermine goals of the system, safety risks involved in community supervision. Question 4: Describe significant court cases that have had an impact on the practice of probation and parole. Notable court cases that expanded due process rights of probationers and parolees include Morrissey v. Brewer (1972), Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973), and Bearden v. Georgia (1983). These rulings defined revocation procedures and prohibited imprisoning indigent offenders solely due to inability to pay fines. Question 5: What do probation and parole officers do? What role do probation officers play in the sentencing of convicted offenders? Probation/parole officers supervise offenders, ensure compliance with court orders, facilitate drug testing, hold offenders accountable, and assist with rehabilitation through referrals to services. Probation officers prepare pre-sentence reports for judges that include offender history and treatment recommendations to inform sentencing decisions. Question 6: What are intermediate sanctions? How do they differ from more traditional forms of sentencing? What advantages do they each have?

Intermediate sanctions are intense supervision methods less severe than imprisonment such as electronic monitoring, intensive supervision probation, treatment programs. They aim to punish lawbreaking while reintegrating offenders through services. They are an alternative to imprisoning lower-level offenders and allow rehabilitation in the community at a lower costs than incarceration with the goal of reducing recidivism. However, lack of consistent implementation has hampered their effectiveness at times. Question 7: How are probation and parole changing? What does the future hold for each? Use of evidence-based practices and risk/needs assessments are growing. Technology use is expanding for monitoring and case management. Alternatives to revocation and more treatment programs are being utilized. Problem-solving courts partner probation/parole with services. The trend is moving away from simple surveillance toward a "what works" emphasis on rehabilitative supervision and reducing mass supervision. But budget pressures and policy choices could impact future reforms and effectiveness.

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