Chapter 14 Questions for Review

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Zmaya Williams CJC-111-01IN Professor Harrison 1 April 2024 1. Describe early research on prison life, including the development of the concept of total institutions. One of the earliest studies was The Prison Community by Clemmer (1940), which examined prison social systems and the concept of prisonization. Erving Goffman further developed the idea of "total institutions" in Asylums (1961), describing how total control of life in prisons alienates individuals from regular society. 2. What are prison subcultures, and how do they influence prison life? How do they develop, and what purpose do they serve? Prison subcultures like gangs develop around shared attributes like race, geography, beliefs. They influence daily routines, social dynamics, protection, and access to contraband. They form out of safety/solidarity needs to cope with the deprivations of prison life and assert power/status in the closed system. 3. How do women’s prisons differ from men’s? Why have women’s prisons been studied less often than institutions for men? Women's prisons have different program/treatment needs due to gender-specific pathways to crime. Healthcare and family/child needs are more pressing issues. Historically women have

been a smaller proportion of the incarcerated population that has received less scholarly/policy attention. 4. What are the primary concerns of prison staff? What other goals do staff members focus on? Staff concerns are institutional security, inmate/officer safety, managing gangs/cell extractions, executing schedules/counts, and logging behavior/incidents. Beyond security, goals include modeling prosocial behavior, delivering programs, and maintaining order and control. 5. What are security threat groups? How common are they in American prisons? What problems do they cause? Security threat groups, commonly known as gangs, control much of the informal social organization and illicit economies in prisons through threats/violence. They are very prevalent and undermine safety, rehabilitation efforts, and orderly facility operations. 6. What are the generally accepted rights of prisoners in the United States today? Where do these rights come from? What U.S. Supreme Court cases are especially significant in the area of prisoners’ rights? Core rights include religious freedom, due process, rights against cruel/unusual punishment from the 8th and 14th Amendments. Significant court cases that established and expanded

these rights include Coffin v. Reichard (1943), Johnson v. Avery (1969), Wolff v. McDonnell (1974) and Turner v. Safley (1987). 7. What are some of the major issues that prisons face today? What new issues might the future bring? Major current issues include overcrowding, aging infrastructure, healthcare needs, gang/drug problems, high recidivism, and corrections officer shortages/corruption concerns. Emerging issues could relate to advancing technologies, special populations like elderly/disabled inmates, pandemic responses, and community reentry challenges.

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