SOCW3551_SW4_Assignment 1 (2)

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SOCW 3551: Human Development in the Social Environment 1 Assignment 1: Short Answers A (15%) Thompson Rivers University SOCW 3551: Human Develop in the Social Environment Wayne Nickle January 20, 2024 TRU Open Learning

Assignment 1: Short Answers A (15%) For Assignment 1, you are asked to answer the following 15 questions using brief sentences or point form (1 mark each) with a maximum of 50 to 100 words per question. These questions cover Chapters 1 through 5 of your textbook. You can work on this assignment as you go through the units and submit it after Unit 6. 1. The lifespan is usually divided into which specific broad age ranges?  Prenatal period – conception to birth  Infancy and toddlerhood – birth to age 3  The preschool period – age 3 to 6  Middle childhood – age 6 to 12  Adolescence – age 12 to 20  Young adulthood - age 20 to 40  Middle adulthood – age 40 to 60  Late adulthood – 60 to death 2. Explain the differences between how a developmentalist who is specializing in personality goes about their work and how a developmentalist who is specializing in social development goes about their work. Although personality and social development go hand in hand there are some differentiating factors. A developmentalist who is specializing in personality would focus on how the individual grew from each life stage and if aspects of their personality has changed or maintained consistent. A developmentalist who is

SOCW 3551: Human Development in the Social Environment 3 specializing in social development would loook at factors that affected the individial without them having a direct to the issue, such as divorce, substance absue in the family ect. Personailty focuses on the indivial and social focuses on outside factors influencing their life. 3. Briefly explain the differences between the terms "race" and "ethnic group." The term race was originally to be used to differentiate people based on physical and structural characteristics. However, scientifically race is not a term that can be defined in just one way as every human share’s genetics with fractions of difference. Therefore, race is a social construct on how society sees people from different areas of the world. The term ethnic group is a more accepted term as it does not define an individual on their physical make up but rather their culture. This includes language, religion, cultural practices, and food amoung many more. This is a way for people to connect with one another with similarities. 4. Provide reason(s) why Freud's principles of psychoanalytic theory have been called into question.  The principles behin dthe theory have not been proven or validated by research.  There is little to no research behind the claim that childhood stages develop into adulthood personality traits.  Freud used a very specific sample group to base these findings off of that would be nearly impossible to replicate today. TRU Open Learning

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 The theory is heavily based on male development compared to both male and female. Hence, being seen as sexist towards women. 5. Briefly explain the contribution of the woman's ovum and the man's sperm in determining the sex of the offspring. The ovum being the female gamete has the 23 rd chromosome pair of XX, the sperm has either XX or XY. The female will always have the XX chromosome therefore, it is up to the sperm to be carrying either an X or Y. If the sperm is carrying an X it will match the ovum’s X resulting in a female fetus. If the sperm is carrying a Y chromosome, it will meet the ovum X and result in a male child. The sperm determines the sex of the fetus. 6. Briefly explain how mutations can damage the fetus. A mutation of a single gene in the developing fetus can lead to a multitude of physical and cognitive impairments. Mutations can happen from two recessive genes meeting, break down over time, and damaged genes being passed down from parents. For example, down syndrome is caused by having an extra chromosome on the 21 st pair. Solely due to the extra chromosome being present or the mutation of the 21 st pair the fetus will have an intellectual disability. 7. Identify and describe some factors affecting the mother's health that can influence preterm and low-birth-weight deliveries, and give a brief description of why these are factors. Mothers who are giving birth to multiples are more likely to give birth prematurealy due to the extra stress that is put onto the mothers body. Mothers under

SOCW 3551: Human Development in the Social Environment 5 the age of 15 are likey to have a preterm baby due to an immture reproductive system. Mothers who have gotten pregnant within six months of their previous birth are more likely to have low birth weight and preterm due to the reproductive system not having enough time to recover. Substance use may also influence low birth weight and preterm birth such as smoking, alcohol and illiect drugs. 8. Piaget's theory of development assumed that all children pass through a series of four universal stages in a fixed order from birth to adolescence. List the four stages.  Sensorimotor  Preoperational  Concrete operational  Formal operational 9. Briefly discuss some of the research regarding childhood obesity and its origins. Obesity is more likely to be found in lower income families. Although it can be related to genetics which predispose children to obesity. Childhood obesity has been found to have negative effects later on in life with a higher prevlence of diabetes, and, heart diease. There are also social factors that have been associated with children engaging with what their eating and having choices. Some lunch progrmas in schools have also been found to not be proving children with proper nutrition. Coupled with lower actiivty rates in schools it can lead to obesity. 10. What three factors most likely contribute to the high level of accidents in the preschool age group? TRU Open Learning

 Physical activity  Curiosity  Lack of judgement 11. Briefly describe how the information processing approach is analogous to a computer. It is comparable in the sense that the approach refers how individuals take in process and store information. With cognitive growth the more efficient the brain is at increasing speed and sophistication of the processing system, much like a computer. It is also comparable to computer with the types of software and programs used similar to mental programs of a human. 12. What effect does poverty have on children’s development? Poverty can lead to families having less everyday resources including stable housing, food, and income. These reasons lead to more disruptions in the child’s life making development more difficult. It can also cause the parents to be less engaging and responsive with their child proving less social supports which does not add to the child’s development. Often the living environment takes a toll on a child making them more susceptible to poor academic performance, higher rates of aggression, conduct problems, and physical and mental health problems. Later in life these reasons can develop into cardiovascular disease, depression, and diabetes. 13. Briefly describe at least two criticisms of Vygotsky's theory.  Hyper focused on the role of culture and social experience resulted in a lack of focus on biological factors on development.

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SOCW 3551: Human Development in the Social Environment 7  Minimalization of role that an individual play in shaping their own environment. 14. Briefly describe the different varieties of early education.  Child-care centers – Social and emotional focus rather than intellectual stimulation. Care outside of the home, used for families where parents are at work.  Family child-care centers – Similar to child-care centers but run out of private homes. The level of care depends on the home you choose as it is not a guarantee they are licensing.  Preschool – Intended to provide an intellectual and social environment. Vary in activities that are provided and can focus more on cognitive or social elements. Provide care for only a few hours per day.  School child care – Often the highest quality of early education. Usually have the better-trained teachers, provided by the local school system. Aimed at disadvantaged children at the age of 4. 15. Briefly explain the four major parenting styles identified by Diana Baumrind.  Authoritarian – These parents are controlling, believe in strong punishment and do not tolerate a child who disagrees with them. The children must be obedient all of the time.  Permissive parents – Relaxed and inconsistent style of parenting. Placing no limits, rules or sence of authroty over their children. They do not hold a strong sense of responsibilty for how their children grow up. TRU Open Learning

 Authoritative parents – Set clear and consistent boundaries with their children. Strict when needed while also providing a loving and emotionally supportive enviroment. Promote independence in their child.  Uninvolved parents – Detatched emotionally from their children, showing no intrest and rejecting behaviour. See their parenting role as clothing, feeding and giving shelter.

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