ADJ- Quiz #1
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Riverside City College *
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Sociology
Date
May 24, 2024
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27
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ADJ- Quiz #1
ADJ-1 (4000) Robert Miles
Lizeth Silva
Riverside City College
Chapter 1
1.
Every society has values and norms; these values and norms are different
society-by society-therefore laws and rules often differ state-by-state.
True
False
2.
Two main purposes of the criminal justice system.
Provide justice to society by ensuring that all individuals are treated equally under criminal law.
To protect society, a far-reaching objective that involves the fair treatment of crime victims and
those who may or may not have committed criminal acts
3.
Generally, what is the purpose of the criminal justice system?
To protect society's values.
4.
The primary purpose of the criminal justice system has many responsibilities, list
the seven that we discussed:
- Ensure justice.
- Protect those who cannot protect themselves.
- Prevent violent crime.
- Safeguarding society
- Apprehending wrongdoers
- Determine whether they committed a crime.
- Punish those found guilty.
5.
The four specific goals of our criminal justice system are:
1. To protect society from potential future crimes.
2. To determine when an offense has been committed and provide the appropriate
punishment for that offense.
3. To rehabilitate those offenders who have been punished so that it is safe to return them
to the community.
4. To support crime victims and, to the extent possible, return them to their precrime
status.
6.
Embedded in the four specific goals of our criminal justice system are the essential
elements of the corrections system. What are the four specific goals of the
corrections system?
Incarcerated in jail or prison.
Transferred to community-based corrections facilities.
Released on probation or parole
7.
Two models were presented and discussed in Chapter 1. What are the two models’
society uses to develop laws and rules? How are each defined?
Consensus Model (majority) – A society of like-minded people who share similar
norms and values determine what behavior constitutes a crime.
Conflict Model (minority) – Those within a society that are politically powerful
determine what is criminal behavior. They impose their values on the rest of the
Community.
8.
Societies defines crime as:
Considering both the consensus and conflict models, we can construct a definition of
crime that will be useful throughout this course. For our purposes, crime is an action or
activity that is:
1. Punishable under criminal law, as determined by the majority or, in some instances,
by a powerful minority.
2. Considered an offense against society as a whole and prosecuted by public officials,
not by victims and their relatives or friends.
3. Punishable by sanctions based on laws that bring about the loss of personal freedom or life.
9.
What is “justice” and how do you define it?
Justice
- People are treated fairly (subjective)
- People are equal.
- People are free from arbitrary arrests and seizures
10. The criminal justice system is structured, generally, as follows:
The criminal justice system is structured, generally, as follows:
- Law enforcement
- The courts
- Corrections
11. How many criminal justice systems are there in the United States?
The Courts – two systems Federal and State (52 court systems – one federal, 50 state
court systems, and D.C.
12. What are the two criminal justice systems that make up our Nations criminal
justice system?
The States have their individual systems, and the federal government has theirs. These
two systems exist and respect each other through a concept called federalism – a
sharing of power.
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13. What is federalism?
Federalism – establishes a strong central government that allows state and local governance
14. Law enforcement powers reside with the States.
True
False
15. There are multiple levels of law enforcement, name the one’s discussed.
Levels of law enforcement
-Counties (Sheriffs) and municipalities (COP)
-State law enforcement – State police – CHP – fire marshals – fish and game –
-watercraft wardens – ABC
-Federal law enforcement
-Corrections – houses convicted offenders/rehabilitates
-Probation
-Parole
-Community-based corrections – halfway houses
16. The Criminal Justice Process consists of three main components, what are they?
The Criminal Justice Process
-Entry (commit a crime and arrested)
- Prosecution
- Adjudication
17. What role does discretion play in the criminal justice system?
The informal criminal justice process involves the use of discretion. For every step in the
formal process, though, someone has discretion, and such discretion leads to an informal process.
Even when prosecutors believe that a suspect is guilty, they have the discretion not to prosecute,
for example.
18. What role does ethics play in the criminal justice system?
Ethics consist of the moral principles that guide a person’s perception of right and wrong.
Because ethics defines a person’s perception of right and wrong and since Judges are afforded
discretion in their day-to-day decision-making, the discretionary decisions implemented by
judges will reflect their ethical values; therefore, ethics maintains a significant role within the
criminal justice system’s day-to-day decision-making process.
19. What makes a specific behavior a crime?
Action that is punishable
Under criminal statutes
Brings about a loss of personal freedom
Or, in some cases, life
20. What makes a specific behavior a violent crime?
Violent crime – Use of physical force to acquire something illegally. Violent crimes are
often person, face-to-face type crimes, making the suspect easier to identify (Miller, 2019).
21. What is a property crime?
Crimes in which the goal of the offender is some form of economical gain or the
damaging of property.
22. What is a public order crime?
Behavior that has been labeled criminal because it is contrary to shared social values,
customs, and norms.
23. What is a cybercrime?
Crimes that take place in the virtual community of the internet.
24. What is white collar crime?
White-collar crime – No physical force is used. Often have legal access to material. Not a
face-to-face event making identification difficult
25. Chapter 1 defined “terrorism” as:
Terrorism - violence to achieve a political goal.
26. Chapter 1 defined “domestic terrorism” as:
Domestic Terrorism – violence to achieve ideological goals based on political,
religious, racial, or social nature
27. There are three levels of law enforcement, what are they?
-Federal level (FBI, DEA, US Secret Service)
-State level
-Local level
28. The essential elements of the corrections system are:
-Incarcerated in jail or prison.
-Transferred to community-based corrections facilities.
-Released on probation or parole.
29. Explain the difference between the formal and informal criminal justice processes.
The formal criminal justice process involves the perfunctory steps that are designed to
guide criminal defendants from arrest to possible punishment. The formal system adheres to
rigorous guidelines and procedures.
The informal criminal justice process involves the use of discretion. For every step in the formal
process, though, someone has discretion, and such discretion leads to an informal process. Even
when prosecutors believe that a suspect is guilty, they have the discretion not to prosecute, for
example.
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Chapter 2
30. Models are useful tools, and they are an excellent way to predict violent behavior.
True
False
31. Correlation is defined as:
The word “correlation” means two variables tend to vary together such as drug use equals
criminal activity.
32. Causation is defined as:
The word “causation” means one variable is responsible for the change in the other. Or in
other words, causation means one event causes another event to occu
r.
33. A hypothesis is defined as:
Hypothesis – is a proposition that can be tested by researchers or observers usually
presented in an “If . . ., then . . .” format
34. The Scientific Method consists of six steps, what are they?
Scientific Method
-Observation
-Hypothesis (If; then format)
-Test
-Verification
-Theory
-Prediction
35. Theory is defined as:
Theory– is repeated tests of a hypothesis by a variety of different authorities and verified
to have the same repeated outcome. Theories are relied on to try and explain criminal
behavior.
36. Choice Theories of Crime is defined as:
Choice Theories of Crime – people commit crimes because they choose to commit crime
/rooted in classical criminology. People weigh the benefit of criminality against the cost
of being apprehended.
37. Positivism is defined as:
Positivism– criminal behavior is determined by biological, psychological, and social
forces/beyond the control of the individual/ lost credibility in the 1970s/increase in social
programs did not decrease the crime rate
38. Who is considered the “father of criminology?
Cesare Lombroso
– Father of criminology/criminals were savages / part and parcel to mental
illness/passed on genetically/criminals had no choice but to be criminals/it was predetermined at
birth.
39. James Q. Wilson’s rational choice theory says:
People choose between committing crime or not committing crime
Consequences of crime have rewards and punishments
The larger ration of the net reward to the net loss (getting caught) the greater the tendency to
commit a crime
40. Thrill offenders are defined as:
Thrill offenders –criminals who get high off the rush of committing crimes (Jack Katz)
41. The belief that if punishment is harsh enough people will choose not to commit
crimes is associated with which theory?
Rational Choice Theory
42. Rational Choice Theory claims two things, what are they?
-People commit crimes by weighing the cost-benefit
-If perceived benefits outweigh the perceived cost, it is more likely the person will commit the
crime
43. Trait theory says:
some people are born with biological traits that lend themselves to criminal
activity.
44. What is the proposed solution for the trait theory?
Treatment and rehabilitation
45. Freud’s Theory for why people engage in criminal behavior has three components,
what are they? Define each one.
Freud’s Theory:
Id – constant desire for pleasure and self-gratification
Ego – reason and common sense
Superego – learns the expectations of family and society and acts as the conscience
46. What is social psychology?
Human behavior that influences one another
47. What is the study of sociology?
The study of sociology (The study of the development and functioning of groups of
people who live together within a society) and its relationship to criminal behavior was
established in the 1900s.
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48. The Social Structure discipline focuses on three things, what are they?
Social structure discipline focuses on three things:
(1) Social disorganization theory
Crime is largely a product of unfavorable conditions in certain communities.
(2) Strain theory
The assumption that crime is the result of frustration felt by individuals who cannot reach
their financial and personal goals through legitimate means.
(3) Cultural deviance theory
o A branch of social structure theory based on the assumption that members of certain
subcultures reject the values of the dominant culture by exhibiting deviant behavior
patterns.
o They adapt to the subculture to which they belong, and subcultures have their own
values and norms. This theory purports that low-income subcultures celebrate
criminal behavior.
o Deviant behavior is more likely in communities where social institutions such as the
family, schools, and the criminal justice system fail to exert control over the
Population.
49. Social Conflict Theory is defined as:
Social Conflict Theory
A theory that views criminal behavior as the result of class conflict)
o Unequal structure of society is to blame for criminal behavior
o Disparity of income is the culprit
o Poor commit crimes out of need, rage and frustration for rewards that are seen as
unattainable
50. Social reality of crime (a Social Conflict Theory) is defined as:
Social reality of crime (Social Conflict Theory)
The theory that criminal laws are designed by those in power to help them keep power at
the expense of those who do not have power.
51. Social Process Theory is defined as:
Social Process Theory
o A theory that considers criminal behavior to be the predictable result of a person’s
interaction
with the surrounding environment.
52. Social Process Theory has three branches, what are they?
o Social Process Theory has three branches:
o Learning theory (criminal activity is a learned behavior – Edwin Sutherland) Brown v
Entertainment Merchants Association (EMA)
o Control theory (social bonds strong individual less likely to commit crime. We care
about the opinion of family and peers)
o Labeling theory (The hypothesis that society creates crime and criminals by labeling
certain behavior and certain people as deviant.
53. Life course criminology focuses on:
Factors and importance of early childhood behavior
54. Self-Control Theory is defined as:
Self-Control Theory
- Low self-esteem
- Impulsive
- Thrill-seeking
- Solve problems with violence
55. What are the three elements of Choice Theories?
Choice Theories:
o Crime is due to rational choices
o Based on rewards
o Financial or otherwise
56. Those who believe in the Biological and Psychological Trait Theories believe:
Crime is the result of biological and psychological attributes
57. Sociological Theories assess five criteria, what are they?
Sociological Theories
o Crime is due to social conditions
o Poverty
o Poor schools
o Unemployment
o Discrimination
58. Social Conflict Theories assess three criteria, what are they?
Social Conflict Theories
o Through criminal laws
o Dominant members of society control minority members
o Using police, courts, and prisons as tools of oppression
59. Social Process Theories assess two criteria, what are they?
Social Process Theories
o Family, friends, and peers’ greatest impact on an individual’s behavior (family
member going to prison)
o Interaction with the above groups that determines criminal behavior
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60. Life Course Theories assess two criteria, what are they?
Life Course Theories
o Criminal and antisocial behavior evident at each stage of a person’s life
o Focusing on early childhood, criminologist may better understand and predict
offending patterns
61. The Medical Model of addictions is defined as:
Medical Model – addicts are not criminals but mentally or physically ill individuals
forced into petty crime to support their habit. Solution – treatment and rehabilitation.
62. The Criminal Model of addictions is defined as:
Criminal Model – illegal drug abusers and addicts endanger society and should be
punished.
Solution – jail or prison.
63. How was a chronic offender defined:
Chronic Offender (Three strikes law)
o Juvenile
o Adult
o Commits multiple offenses
o Career criminal
o Out of 10,000 young males, 6 percent (600) were responsible for 71 percent of the
murders,
82 percent of the robberies, 69 percent of the aggravate assaults, and 73 percent of the
rapes.
o Strategies longer sentences
Chapter 3
64. What is the definition of civil law?
Civil:All types of crime OTHER than criminal law
Disputes between private individuals and corporations
Disputes between entities
Government provides a forum for resolution or torts (private wrongs)
Injured party – Plaintiff
Accused party – Defendant
Concerned with responsibility
Burden of proof (preponderance of the evidence 51%) much easier to prove
Monetary damages
65. What is the definition of preponderance of evidence?
The degree of proof required in a civil case.
66. What is the definition of criminal law?
Criminal:Offenses against society as a whole
Violation of statute that prohibits type of activity
The State prosecutes
Person who allegedly committed crime is referred to as defendant
Beyond a reasonable doubt
Punishable (fine/incarceration)
67. How is a felony offense defined?
Felonies:Punishable by death or by imprisonment
Degrees of felonies (Generally):
·Capital offenses (maximum penalty is death)
·First degree felonies (maximum life imprisonment)
·Second degree felonies (maximum of ten years in prison)
·Third degree felonies (maximum of five years in prison)
68. How was a misdemeanors offense defined?
Misdemeanors:Punishable by fine or confinement for up to a year
69. How as an Infraction defined?
Infractions:Punishable by fine / not considered crimes
70. Define mala in se.
Mala in se: An act that would be considered wrong even if there was no law prohibiting
it. Go against “natural laws.” Against the natural, moral, and public principles of a
society.
71. Define mala prohibita.
Mala prohibita: Behavior is a crime only because it has been codified as such through
statute. Act considered wrong only because it has been prohibited by society at a given
time.
72. There are four systems used to collect data on crime that were discussed, what are
they?
-The Uniform Crime Reports
-The Summary Reporting System
-The National Incident-Based Reporting System
-Victim Surverys
73. The Uniform Crime Reports system considers four data points, what are they?
-People arrested
-Number of crimes
-Police employed
-Volunteer reporting
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74. The Uniform Crime Reports system divides crime into two categories, what are
those two categories?
Reports two ways:
·Rate and Percentage
oRate – 100,000 times crime rate (example 2 percent) means 2000 people. Which means
for every 100,000 people, 2000 Part 1 crimes were reported to law enforcement.
oPercentage: Compare crime rates between years.
75. What is a Part 1 crime?
Crimes Against Person (Part 1 crimes)
·Assault offenses
·Homicide offenses
·Kidnapping / abduction
·Robbery
·Sex offenses, Forcible
·Sex offenses, non-forcible
76. What is a Part 2 crime?
Crime Against Property (Part 2 crimes)
·Arson
·Bribery
·Burglary/Breaking and Entering
·Counterfeiting/Forgery
·Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of property
·Embezzlement
·Extortion/Black mail
·Fraud offenses
·Larceny/Theft offenses
·Motor Vehicle theft
·Stolen Property offenses
·Group B offenses – lesser offenses such as disorderly conduct, drunkenness, and
non-violent family offenses.
·Crimes against persons
·Crimes against property and Crimes against society
77. List two problems associated with the Uniform Crime Reports system that were
discussed.
Suffers from underreporting and inconsistency
78. Problems with Summary Reporting System:
Problems with Summary Reporting System:
·Lag in reporting
·Hierarchy Rule – only the most serious crime is countered (robbed, raped, and murdered
only the murder would count)
·Differences in interpreting Part 1 crimes
·Under reporting/manipulating of crime data
79. The National Incident-Based Reporting System categorizes ____23__ offenses
comprised of ____49__specific crimes.
80. The five data sets that are captured are:
o
Offenses
o
Victims
o
Offenders
o
Arrestees
o
All incidents of crime not just arrests
81. The National Incident-Based Reporting system is the FBI’s primary crime
measuring tool.
True
False
82. The National Incident-Based Reporting system divides crime into two categories,
what are those two categories?
Group A offenses and Group B offenses.
83. What is a Group A crime?
Group A offenses – most serious crimes that impact the nation and pose the greatest
challenges for law enforcement.
84. What is a Group B crime?
Group B offenses – lesser offenses such as disorderly conduct, drunkenness, and
non-violent family offenses.
85. Victim Surveys accomplish five objectives, what are they?
•Ask the victim directly about the crime they were involved in
•Measures reported and unreported
•Eliminates police bias
•Uncovers the dark figure of crime
•Must considerer the “dark figure of crime” – that crime that goes unreported
86. Self-Reporting Surveys accomplish two objectives, what are they?
·Helps reveal the dark figure of crime (that actual amount of crime)
·People are asked about their engagement in criminal activity during interviews and
questionnaires
87. The Crime Victims’ Rights Act of 2004 provided many rights for the victims of
crime but what were the three main rights the Act ensured that were discuss?
·The right to be informed
·The right to be present
·The right to be heard
Note: Protection and Restitution are sometimes included
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88. The Risks of Victimization includes five categories, what are they?
The Risks of Victimization
·Offender
·Suitable target
·Absence of a capable guardian
·Anyone can be a victim
·Routine is the victim’s huckleberry
89.
Mental illness is often cited as a contributing factor for why individuals engage in
crime, however data shows that only ____4_____ percent of violent crime is
contributed to people with mental illness.
90. Mentally ill individuals are more likely to be victims rather than perpetrators of
crime.
True
False
91. The three factors most often used by criminologists to explain changes in the
nation’s crime rate are:
(a) Levels of incarceration, because an offender behind bars cannot commit any
additional crimes and the threat of imprisonment acts as a deterrent to criminal behavior.
(b) the size of the youth population, because those under the age of twenty-four commit
the majority of crimes in the United States; and,
(c) the health of the economy, because when income and employment levels fall, those
most directly affected may turn to crime for financial gain.
Chapter 4
92. Law has multiple functions, four different functions were discussed, what are those
four?
Law has multiple functions:
·It is a pledge by citizens to do justice to one another (Aristotle)
·It is a means by which to control a society (Plato)
·Civil conduct prescribed by the supreme power in a state, commanding what is right and
prohibiting what is wrong (Blackstone)
·Rules that allowed people to predict how a court would resolve a particular dispute
(Oliver Wendell Holmes)
·English Common Law
93. What is the definition of “English common law”?
Common Law – a body of law developed from custom or judicial decisions not
legislated. A national law that applied to all citizens no matter where they lived. Any
conflicts were resolved in favor of the English traditions.
94. What is the definition of the “rule of law.”
Rule of Law – the principle that the rules of a legal system apply equally to all persons,
institutions, and entities – public and private – that make up a society
95. What is the definition of “precedent”?
Precedent – a decision that furnished an example or authority for deciding subsequent
cases involving similar legal principles or facts.
96. We discussed five written sources of American criminal law, what are those
sources?
-The U.S. Constitution and the constitutions of the various states
-Statutes, passed by Congress and by state legislatures
-Local ordinances / applies only to the county
-Administrative Law/Regulations
-Case law (court decisions)
97. What does the Latin phrase “stare decisis” mean?
Stare decisis – judges in a particular jurisdiction are bound to follow precedents of that
same jurisdiction. Stare decisis leads to efficiency in the judicial system.
98. Are judges obligated to follow the precedents established within their jurisdiction?
Yes
No
99. Judges are obligated to follow the precedents established within their jurisdiction.
True
False
100.
Conflicts between State Constitutions and the United States Constitution are.
resolved via the __supremacy clause___.
101.
The United States Supreme Court is bound by stare decisis.
True
False
102.
S. Supreme Court is not bound by stare decisis.
True
False
103.
How many different criminal codes are there in the United States, generally
Speaking?
Fifty-two different criminal codes
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104.
Ballot initiatives are a way to write or rewrite criminal statutes.
True
False
105.
The Purpose of Criminal Law is:
·Provides a legal foundation for society.
·Maintains and promotes social values.
·Protect and Punish: The Legal Function of the Law
·Maintain order.
·Protects citizens from criminal harm.
o
Physical safety and property
o
Protects societies interest collectively.
106.
Criminal law maintains and teaches society.
True
False
107.
Criminal law teaches societal boundaries.
True
False
108.
Criminal laws teach what is acceptable and what is not acceptable.
True
False
109.
Admission of guilt alone is enough to establish innocence or guilt.
True
False
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110.
What is the definition of corpus delicti?
The body of circumstances that must exist for a criminal act to have occurred.
111.
What is the definition of actus reus?
The
criminal act
:
Actus Reus
(guilty act)
112.
What is the definition of mens rea?
The
mental state
:
Mens Rea
113.
Concurrence is defined as:
Concurrence (the guilty act and the guilty intent must occur together)
114.
Causation is defined as:
Causation (a link between the criminal act and the harm suffered)
115.
Attendant circumstances are defined as:
Attendant Circumstances (the facts surrounding a criminal event that must be proved to
convict the defendant of the underlying crime)
116.
Hate crimes are defined as:
A criminal act motivated by bias against an individual or a group based on race, ethnicity,
religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or age.
117.
What is an “inchoate offense”?
Inchoate offense – conduct deemed criminal without actual harm being done, provided
that the harm that would have occurred is one the law tries to prevent.
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118.
An alibi defense is defined as:
Alibi defense – evidence that the defendant is innocent/defendant not responsible or
justified
119.
An excuse defense is defined as:
Based on a defendant’s admission to have committed the criminal act, but asserting that
there is no criminal responsibility for the act due to lack of criminal intent.
120.
Infancy is defined as:
Infancy – a person who has not reached the legal age of majority
121.
Insanity is defined as:
A defense for criminal liability that asserts a lack of criminal responsibility due to mental
instability.
122.
There were three tests that were discussed that are used to determine whether a
person was insane at the time they committed the offense. What are those tests?
M’Naghten rule– person was not able to distinguish between right and wrong. Most
popular test.
M’Naghten plus irresistible impulses – person could not control conduct.
American Law Institute (ALI/MPC) – Person lacks substantial capacity to appreciate the
wrongfulness of his conduct or to control it
123.
How often are insanity defenses raised?
Raised in 1 percent of felony trials.
124.
How often are insanity defenses successful?
One out of every four times.
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125.
The intoxication excuse defense is defined as:
A defense for criminal liability in which defendants claim that the taking of intoxicants
rendered them unable to form the requisite intent to commit a criminal act.
126.
The mistake defense is a valid defense against criminal behavior.
True
False
127.
Duress is defined as:
Duress – wrongful threat of one person induces another person to perform an act that the
latter person would otherwise not perform.
128.
Anyone who believes they are in danger of harm is justified in using force.
True
False
129.
Deadly force can be used if there is a reasonable belief that imminent death or
bodily harm will otherwise result.
True
False
130.
Deadly force can be used to defend a dwelling only if an unlawful entry is
violent and the person believes deadly force is necessary to prevent imminent death
or great bodily harm.
True
False
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131.
Duty to Retreat says if there is a way out, take it and leave but if one is cornered
or “against the wall” and they believe death or great bodily harm is imminent, then
the use of force can be justified.
True
False
132.
Entrapment defense is defined as:
Entrapment defense – a justification defense when a police officer or government agent
deceives a defendant into wrongdoing.
133.
Law enforcement can use subterfuge, but they cannot persuade an innocent
person to commit a crime, nor can they coerce.
True
False
134.
The Fourth Amendment guarantees two rights, what are they?
-Protection from unreasonable search and seizures
-No warrants or search warrants without probable cause
135.
The Fifth Amendment guarantees three rights, what are they?
Due process of law
-Prohibition against double jeopardy
-No individual can be a witness against themselves.
136.
The Sixth Amendment guarantees five rights, what are they?
Speed trial
·Trial by jury
·A public trial
·Right to confront witnesses
·The right to a lawyer during various stages of the criminal proceedings
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137.
Procedural due process is defined as:
-Law carried out according to a method.
-Law carried out fairly.
138.
Substantive Due Process is defined as:
-Laws must be fair.
-Laws must be reasonable.
-Further a legitimate governmental objective
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