PSY 322 1-3 Short Paper Interaction of Biology and Environment

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Amisa Walker PSY 322 1-3 Short Paper: Interaction of Biology and Environment International adoptees frequently encounter obstacles that can impact their physical development. These challenges stem from the interaction of two significant biological and environmental factors, which can play a role in their physical growth difficulties. Typically, internationally adopted children present a host of medical and developmental concerns. Issues such as growth stunting, abnormal behaviors, and significant delays in motor, speech, and language development are likely directly related to the prenatal and early postnatal environment experienced prior to adoption. (Mason & Narad 2005). Nutritional and environmental conditions during pregnancy can have a significant impact on the growth and development of the fetus. Inadequate maternal nutrition and exposure to harmful environmental substances can substantially influence the fetal growth process. International adoptees, particularly those from regions with limited access to proper prenatal care and nutrition, may experience intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or other developmental issues that can impact their physical growth even after adoption. (Guerby & Bujold, 2020) During early childhood, international adoptees often face challenges related to adversity and institutional upbringing. Many of them spend time in orphanages or institutional environments marked by limited provisions, insufficient access to proper nutrition, and emotional nurturing. The lack of consistent, responsive caregiving during this critical period can lead to developmental delays, growth stunting, and other health challenges that may persist post- adoption. (Liu & Hazler 2022)

Adoptees encounter a wide range of challenges that may not be readily understood by the average person. It often takes someone who has shared similar experiences to truly understand their perspective and the hurdles they've faced. These challenges can stem from a variety of factors, including biological and environmental factors. (Elsevier2020) Biological factors such as heredity, hormonal imbalances, and genetic risks can affect the physical and mental health of adoptees. Environmental factors such as exposure to pathogens, lack of access to clean water, malnourishment, and unsanitary living conditions can also impact the health of adoptees. (Education summary, 2021) To help adoptees facing these issues, it is important to provide them with a supportive and nurturing environment. By providing them with the early intervention services These services may include speech therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, and other specialized services. Adoptees must be provided with access to inclusive healthcare services tailored to their specific requirements. This includes regular check-ups, vaccinations, and screenings for common health problems. (Jones 2019) Putting these measures into practice will be beneficial for adoptees.

R eferences Mason, P., & Narad, C. (2005). International adoption: a health and developmental prospective. Seminars in speech and language , 26 (1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005- 864211 Guerby, P., & Bujold, E. (2020). Early detection and prevention of intrauterine growth restrictionand its consequences. JAMA Pediatrics , 174 (8), 749. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1106 Liu, Y., & Hazler, R. J. (2022, July 14). All foreign-born adoptees are not the same: What counselors and parents need to know - the professional counselor . The Professional Counselor - The official journal of the National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc. and Affiliates (NBCC). https://tpcjournal.nbcc.org/all-foreign-born-adoptees-are-not-the-same- what-counselors-and-parents-need-to-know/ Elsevier. (2020, January 29). Genetics contributes to mental health risks in adoptees. ScienceDaily. from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/01/200129104737.htm What are some biological and environmental factors that could affect a child’s development? Education Summary. (2021, December 9). https://educationsummary.com/lesson/what-are- some-biological-and-environmental-factors-that-could-affect-a-childs-development/ Veronnie Faye Jones , Elaine E. Schulte , COUNCIL ON FOSTER CARE, ADOPTION, AND KINSHIP CARE , Sarah Springer , Moira Ann Szilagyi , Heather Forkey , Mary V. Greiner , David Harmon , Paul Lee , Lisa Maxine Nalven , Linda Davidson Sagor , Jonathan D. Thackery , Douglas Waite , Lisa W. Zetley; Comprehensive Health Evaluation of the Newly Adopted Child. Pediatrics May 2019; 143 (5): e20190657. 10.1542/peds.2019-0657

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