Lecture8_History2_4Questions_8Sep

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History of Animal Behavior 2
INDIANAPOLIS PRIZE WINNER TO SPEAK AT INDIANA UNIVERSITY PENGUINS, OCEANS & CONSERVATION • PRICING: Free, Open to Public • DATE : Wednesday, Sept. 27 • LOCATION : Presidents Hall (Historic Franklin Hall) • TIME : 5:30pm https://www.indianapoliszoo.com/prize/protector-of-penguins- earns-worlds-leading-award-for-animal-conservation/
Use this rubric for your Field Notebook assignment on the Canvas assignment
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Often motivate animals with food, but… Temperature Color Aversion & Fitness Consequences Escape / Safety
Animal behavior is still greatly influenced by psychology today! Episodic Mem ory Learnin g Communication Spatial Memory Aging Inhib Short and Behavior
Anthropology & Primatology
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History of the Study of Animal Behavior Charles Darwin’s contribution classical ethology behaviorism & comparative psychology behavioral ecology
Classical Ethology • Primarily European • ‘Biological study of behavior’ • Interested in the evolutionary basis of behavior, particularly differences in closely related species
• Comparative Method (think: convergent & divergent evolution) • Study animal in its natural environment • 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology & Medicine o Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, & Niko Tinbergen Classical Ethology
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Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989) • Responsible for much ethological theory • Since natural selection can only act on heritable variation, logical to study inherited behavioral traits o Imprinting o Fixed Action Patterns
Filial Imprinting the process by which animals develop a social attachment to a particular object
Fixed action patterns: (similar to “Instincts”) 1. Performed ‘perfectly’ on 1 st try 2. Species-specific but occur species-wide 3. Highly stereotyped 4. Difficult to interrupt Egg-rolling in greylag geese
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Fixed action patterns: (similar to “Instincts”) Innate or learned? Learning : the modification of behavior as a result of experience
Niko Tinbergen (1907-1988) • Pioneer field naturalist • First to conduct systematic experiments in animal’s natural habitat
• Contributions o Grounded in evolutionary theory o Studied a diversity of animals & behaviors • Weaknesses o Overlooked much behavioral plasticity due to excessive focus on ‘instincts’ Classical Ethology
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Which of the following was not a contribution of Comparative Psychology and Behaviorism to the study of animal behavior? A. emphasis on the comparative method/approach when testing hypotheses for the evolution of behavior B. emphasis on objectivity in study of behavior C. emphasis on controlled, replicated laboratory experiments D. emphasis on ‘general laws of learning’ E. all of the above were contributions of Comparative Psychology & Behaviorism
History of the Study of Animal Behavior Charles Darwin’s contribution classical ethology behaviorism & comparative psychology behavioral ecology
Behavioral Ecology John Krebs • Evolutionary basis of all behavior • What is the fitness value of different behavioral strategies? o Cost / Benefit analyses o Common currency is reproductive success • Natural selection is seen as an optimizing agent
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e.g., Optimal Foraging Theory Foraging model takes into account encounter rate, handling time & energy content of the gazelle
Tinbergen’s 4 Questions
Niko Tinbergen (1907-1988) • Pioneer field naturalist • First to conduct systematic experiments in animal’s natural habitat
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Levels of Analysis in the Study of Behavior Niko Tinbergen (1907-1988) Tinbergen’s “Four Whys”/ “Four Questions”
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• Tinbergen’s 4 Questions: o Proximate 1. Mechanism 2. Development o Ultimate 3. Function 4. Evolution In This Moment Over Time
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• A nimal • B ehavior • C ausation/Mechanism • D evelopment/Ontogeny • E volution/Phylogeny • F unction/Adaptive Value
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Mechanism/Causation : neural, muscular, & endocrine explanations for behavior Why are prairie voles monogamous? • Male prairie (monogamous) voles have different V1aR genes from those of polygynous male voles. These differences lead to increased production of vasopressin receptor proteins in the brains of prairie voles. • When these receptors bind vasopressin (released into the bloodstream following copulation), male prairie voles experience positive feedback, encouraging them to remain in their mate’s company. Proximate causes i.e. immediate causes Don’t need to memorize these details!
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Proximate causes i.e. immediate causes Development/Ontogeny : explanations of how genetic inheritance and experience influence behavioral development Why do white-crowned sparrows have regional dialects? • Male white-crowned sparrows in Marin & Berkeley, CA sing different songs because they were exposed to different sounding male tutors when learning to sing.
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Function/Adaptive Value : explanations of how the behavior increases survival and/or reproductive success • Male prairie voles are monogamous because males who remain near females after mating (mate-guarding), have greater reproductive success than males that leave their mates to pursue mating with additional females. Ultimate causes i.e. historical causes
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i.e. historical causes Phylogeny/Evolution : evolutionary explanations • The ancestral mating system in voles is polygyny. Monogamy arose in some vole lineages (including prairie voles) due to the appearance of infanticidal males. Ultimate causes
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S tudy of animal behavior mechanism ontogeny function phylogeny
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Dispersal in Belding’s ground squirrels Holekamp and Sherman (1989)
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Why do male ground squirrels disperse? What is dispersal? the permanent emigration of young from their birthplace
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Observations on dispersal in ground squirrels • Dispersal is sexually dimorphic o all m ales disperse • Variation in the age at dispersal o either in their 1st or 2nd summer • Males mate in their 2nd year
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H1: Testosterone • H1: Early effects of testosterone trigger dispersal in males • Prediction: Why do male ground squirrels disperse?
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H1: Testosterone • H1: Early effects of testosterone trigger dispersal in males – Prediction: if female pups are treated with testosterone, then they should disperse • 75% of the pups dispersed Why do male ground squirrels disperse?
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H2: Sufficient size • H2: body size and energy reserves determine dispersal – Prediction:
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49 H2: Sufficient size • H2: body size and energy reserves determine dispersal – Prediction: If body size determines dispersal, then males should only disperse once they reach a threshold body size • Dispersal occurs when a threshold body mass of 125-150g is attained
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H3: Inbreeding avoidance • H3: Males disperse to avoid mating with closely-related females – Prediction:
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H3: Inbreeding avoidance • H3: Males disperse to avoid mating with closely-related females – Prediction 1: If males disperse to avoid mating with kin, then there should be no (or very few) observations of matings between close relatives. – Prediction 2: If males disperse to avoid mating with kin, then males with a lot of female kin nearby should disperse the farthest distances.
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H4: Evolutionary history • H4: Favored directly by selection throughout the evolutionary history of the Belding’s ground squirrel. – Prediction:
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H4: Evolutionary History • H4: Favored directly by selection throughout the evolutionary history of the Belding’s ground squirrel. – Prediction: If selection has consistently and directly favored dispersal by juvenile males, then phylogenetic relatives should share this trait
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Why do male ground squirrels disperse? 1. Early testosterone effects 2. Attainment of a threshold body mass 3. Inbreeding avoidance 4. Direct Selection All four answers are correct and complementary!
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Revisiting ethograms • Avoid interpreting behavior o It could have multiple causes/functions!
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Applying behavior for conservation
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