Lecture3_SciMethod_Anthropomorphism_25Aug

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The Scientific Method & Hypothesis Testing
Last time • What is an animal/behavior? • Why study behavior? Today’s topics • Scientific Method • Anthropomorphism
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1. Course logistics 2. What is an animal/behavior? 3. Why study behavior? 4. Evolution 5. The scientific method 6. Anthropomorphism Charles Darwin Animal Behavior
Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution by natural and sexual selection Animal Behavior
The Scientific Method
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Science is… the systematic description & explanation of natural phenomena Explanatory science (i.e., why it occurs) Descriptive science (i.e., what occurs)
“I want to prove these ideas to you demonstratively and not just persuade you of them by probable arguments.” Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Scientific Method a logical, stepwise approach to scientific research 1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Prediction 5. Test 6. Conclusion Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
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Scientific Method a logical, stepwise approach to scientific research 1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Prediction 5. Test 6. Conclusion – Careful observation and description of phenomenon
Scientific Method a logical, stepwise approach to scientific research 1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Prediction 5. Test 6. Conclusion – Formal statement of an unknown that one would like to understand
Scientific Method a logical, stepwise approach to scientific research 1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Prediction 5. Test 6. Conclusion – Tentative explanation based on assumptions that makes a testable prediction
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Scientific Method a logical, stepwise approach to scientific research 1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Prediction 5. Test 6. Conclusion – (If, then) statement of what should occur if the hypothesis is correct – ideally, will have mutually exclusive predictions for alternative hypotheses – “strong inference”
Scientific Method a logical, stepwise approach to scientific research 1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Prediction 5. Test 6. Conclusion – design experiments or observations to test the prediction(s)
Scientific Method a logical, stepwise approach to scientific research 1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Prediction 5. Test 6. Conclusion – if the prediction is substantiated by the data, we report that we have support for our hypothesis – if the prediction is not supported by the data, we reject our hypothesis – if we reject our hypothesis, we begin the process again, until we find one that is supported – in science, we cannot prove hypotheses, only reject or support them
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The scientific method • Null hypothesis – Statistical hypothesis that observations result from chance – If alternative hypothesis is not supported, then often conclude that you do not reject the null hypothesis • Alternative hypothesis - Statistical hypothesis that observations are NOT due to chance • Can never 100% prove
A note about how you can use generative AI to help you study • “Come up with a mnemonic about the scientific method for undergraduates to remember: observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, test, conclusion”
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Owls Quietly Hunt Prey To Conquer 1.Owls - Represents "Observation." Imagine wise owls observing the world around them. 2.Quietly - Stands for "Question." Owls quietly contemplate and ask questions about what they see. 3.Hunt - Represents "Hypothesis." Just as owls hunt for their prey, scientists hunt for answers by forming hypotheses. 4.Prey - Stands for "Prediction." Owls predict where their prey might be, and scientists predict outcomes based on their hypotheses. 5.To - Represents "Test." Owls need to test their hunting strategies, and scientists need to test their hypotheses through experiments. 6.Conquer - Stands for "Conclusion." After hunting, owls conquer their prey, and scientists conquer the mysteries by drawing conclusions from their experiments.
Oliver Quickly Hops To C atch Crickets 1.Oliver - Represents "Observation." Oliver is the keen observer who notices something interesting. 2.Quickly - Stands for "Question." After Oliver's observation, he quickly comes up with a question about what he saw. 3.Hops - Represents "Hypothesis." To answer his question, Oliver makes an educated guess or hypothesis about what might be happening. 4.To - Stands for "Prediction." Now, Oliver predicts what will happen if his hypothesis is correct. Hopes People Try Chocolate 5.Catch - Represents "Test." To test his prediction, Oliver conducts an experiment or test. 6.Crickets - Stands for "Conclusion." Finally, based on the results of his experiment, Oliver draws a conclusion about whether his hypothesis was correct or not.
Once Quiet Hamsters Playfully Tease Cats Octopuses Quietly Hunt Prey, Then Conclude
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Hypotheses and theories • Research hypothesis – Explanation based on assumptions that makes a testable prediction • Scientific theory – Hypothesis that makes many predictions, has been tested hundreds or thousands of times by many different scientists, and has not been rejected
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1. Course logistics 2. What is an animal/behavior? 3. Why study behavior? 4. Evolution 5. The scientific method 6. Anthropomorphism Charles Darwin
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–The attribution of human feelings and emotional states to animals. –We have to be careful about inferring animals’ feelings when we cannot be sure they share the same experiences that we do. Anthropomorphism
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• Beware of anthropomorphism …and anthropodenial
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--Why is this potentially dangerous? --When can it be useful? Anthropomorphism
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Top Hat Questions 1. True or False: Your lowest exam grade will be dropped. 2. What should you include in the subject line of your emails? 3. There will be at least one ______ per week.
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What is behind the “guilty look” in dogs? Do dogs display a guilty look because they “know” they have been disobedient? Do dogs display a guilty look because they “know” they have been disobedient?
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What is behind the “guilty look” in dogs? • Methods: – Owners showed dog a treat, gave command to not eat it, and left room – Treatments: • Researchers gave dog the treat • Researchers removed treat – Owners were told that either: • Dog ate the treat • Treat was removed and dog did not eat it – Quantified “guilty dog” behaviors (avoiding eye contact; lowering head, tail, or ears; moving away from owner; etc.) (Don’t need to memorize the details)
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What is behind the “guilty look” in dogs? • Results: – Mean number of guilty looks same whether or not the dog ate the treat – “Guilty looks” most common after owner scolded dog • Conclusion: – “Guilty look” likely represents submissive behavior in response to scolding
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Anecdote – Short narrative of an interesting, amusing or biographical incident (Webster definition) Informal observations of behavior Anecdote
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Wilhelm von Osten and Clever Hans
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Anecdote • “his style was… unashamedly anecdotal, and tables and figures were nowhere to be seen… living proof that eccentric, inspired guesses are frequently the basis of scientific progress.” (Desmond Morris on Konrad Lorenz)
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• How does an animal perceive its environment? o Umwelt
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Umwelt • Temple Grandin
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