Lecture4_Ethograms_HypothPred

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Evolution, Natural Selection, and Adaptation
Last Time… • Scientific method • Anthropomorphism MUDDIEST POINTS FROM FRIDAY Common themes: • Clearing up terms: o Anecdote o Anthropomorphism o Balking o Umwelt o Anthropodenial • Theory vs. hypothesis
Today’s Topics… • Ethograms • Exercise to review hypotheses, predictions, and expected results! • Artificial and natural selection Say hello to your neighbor!
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Scientific Method a logical, stepwise approach to scientific research 1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Prediction 5. Test 6. Conclusion Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Scientific study of behavior 1) Begin by observing and describing phenomenon • ethogram : complete descriptive inventory of an animal’s behavior ▪ minimal interpretation by observer ▪ behaviors described strictly in terms of an imal’s mo tor patterns & the contexts in which they occur Tinbergen was instrumental in making ethograms valuable components of behavioral studies
From Kruuk (1972) The Spotted Hyena Partial General Ethogram for Spotted Hyena lying down pooping pasting yawning rolling licking genitals (don’t need to memorize!)
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Portion of a Detailed Ethogram for Spotted Hyena Agg ressive behaviors – T-1 – T-2 – T-3 – Chase – Displacement – Push – Stand over Responses to aggression – Back off – Defensive parry – Counterattack – Head-bob – Submissive posture – Carpal crawl – Giggle (don’t need to memorize!)
T-3 : a high-intensity attack involving biting Equally easy to recognize in both cubs & adults (don’t need to memorize!)
It is often beneficial to include pictures of all the behaviors in your species’ ethogram. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85, 1121-1135 (2005) lateral snap surface grasp horizontal approach (don’t need to memorize!)
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From Nordell and Valone,Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press (don’t need to memorize!)
Much better…. (don’t need to memorize!)
Dog behavior
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Observation
Scientific Study of Behavior 2) clearly state your question How does eggshell removal by black-headed gull parents increase their fitness?
Scientific Study of Behavior 3) generate hypotheses ▪ How does behavior X increase fitness? ▪ H i : Behavior X increases fitness by …. H 1 : reducing parasite loads in the nest H 2 : preventing chicks getting lacerated H 3 : reducing predation
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Scientific Study of Behavior 4) generate testable predictions ▪ P i : If behavior X increases fitness by …., then ….. ▪ If eggshell removal reduces predation on gull chicks, then nests containing eggshells should suffer higher predation rates than those lacking eggshells
Scientific Study of Behavior 5) test predictions • Create experimental gull nests • In half the nests, place eggshells and unhatched eggs • In the other half, place unhatched eggs only • Compare predation rates
% eggs taken by predators 10 100 broken shells present broken shells removed y axis dependent variable (effect) x axis independent variable (cause)
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Scientific Study of Behavior 6) draw conclusions ▪ If eggshell removal reduces predation on gull chicks, then nests containing eggshells should suffer higher predation rates than those lacking eggshells Prediction satisfied. Provided support for hypothesis. % eggs taken by predators 10 100 broken shells present broken shells removed
Scientific Study of Behavior 6) draw conclusions ▪ If eggshell removal reduces predation on gull chicks, then nests containing eggshells should suffer higher predation rates than those lacking eggshells Prediction not satisfied. No support for this hypothesis. Develop new hypothesis/fail to reject null. % eggs taken by predators 10 100 broken shells present broken shells removed
Robin abundance and food availability RESEARCH QUESTION: Why is there variation in the number of robins feeding in yards? Hypothesis: The amount of food in a yard determines the number of robins feeding there. Prediction: Yards with more food will have more robins. Methods: Researchers: •counted the number of robins in each yard at the same time of day in 30 yards. • quantified the amount of food (earthworms) available to robins in each yard by examining several 900 cm 2 sampling areas. • mixed 40 g of yellow ground mustard seed into 4 L of water, then poured the mixture into each sampling area so that it was absorbed into the soil. •counted the number of earthworms that emerged in each sampling area over a period of 10 minutes.
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# of robins # of worms # of worms # of robins a) b) Which axes are correct? Prediction: Yards with more food will have more robins
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# of robins # of worms Which graph supports the hypothesis? b) a) # of worms # of robins c) # of worms # of robins
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Robin abundance and predators RESEARCH QUESTION: Why is there variation in the number of r obins feeding in yards ? New Hypothesis: The presence of predators affects the number of robins feeding in yards. New Prediction: Yards with no predators have a high number of robins, whereas yards with predators like cats will have few robins. Methods: Researchers: • Conducted an experiment. In half the yards,placed a cat (predator) in a cage in the center of the yard (treatment).In allother yards,placed an empty cage in the center of the yard (control). •counted the number of robins in eac h yard at the same time of day for all yards.
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# of robins Yes No Cat Present? # of robins a) b) Which axes are correct? Cat Present? Yes No Prediction: Yards with no predators will have more robins
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# of robins a) Which graph supports the hypothesis? b) # of robins c) # of robins Yes No Cat Present? Yes No Cat Present? Yes No Cat Present?
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to feeding areas in the South Atlantic Ocean near Brazil. B.Dr. Lohmann thinks they are able to do so because they utilize the earth’s magnetic field as an internal map. C.If this is true, then manipulating the magnetic field experienced by a green sea turtle should demonstratively affect the direction in which it travels. D.To determine if this was the case, Dr. Lohmann and colleagues captured young sea turtles and altered the magnetic field around them, simulating conditions to the north or south of the capture site. The researchers then measured the direction in which the turtles swam. E.Individuals that perceived conditions to the north of their capture location swam south, while those experiencing conditions to the south of their capture location swam north. Which sentence states the hypothesis? A. Green sea turtles that nest on Ascension Island return over 2000 kilometers
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to feeding areas in the South Atlantic Ocean near Brazil. B.Dr. Lohmann thinks they are able to do so because they utilize the earth’s magnetic field as an internal map. C.If this is true, then manipulating the magnetic field experienced by a green sea turtle should demonstratively affect the direction in which it travels. D.To determine if this was the case, Dr. Lohmann and colleagues captured young sea turtles and altered the magnetic field around them, simulating conditions to the north or south of the capture site. The researchers then measured the direction in which the turtles swam. E.Individuals that perceived conditions to the north of their capture location swam south, while those experiencing conditions to the south of their capture location swam north. Which sentence states the prediction? A. Green sea turtles that nest on Ascension Island return over 2000 kilometers
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B.Dr. Lohmann thinks they are able to do so because they utilize the earth’s magnetic field as an internal map. C.If this is true, then manipulating the magnetic field experienced by a green sea turtle should demonstratively affect the direction in which it travels. D.To determine if this was the case, Dr. Lohmann and colleagues captured young sea turtles and altered the magnetic field around them, simulating conditions to the north or south of the capture site. The researchers then measured the direction in which the turtles swam. E.Individuals that perceived conditions to the north of their capture location swam south, while those experiencing conditions to the south of their capture location swam north. What is the dependent variable? a) direction of travel, b) direction of the magnetic field A. Green sea turtles that nest on Ascension Island return over 2000 kilometers to feeding areas in the South Atlantic Ocean near Brazil.
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Observation: Male birds sing songs Question: What is the function of male bird song?
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Question: What is the function of male bird song? With a partner: Come up with… • Two hypotheses • One prediction for each hypothesis • Design a test of your hypotheses • Draw graphs of both results that would suppo rt and results that would r efute your hypotheses
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Sings Doesn’t Sing # potential mates present Sings Doesn’t Sing # potential mates present Hypothesis: Males sing to attract mates
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Correlation: Two variables that vary together predictably
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