Chapter 12 - Social Psychology

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Alfred State College *

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5103

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Psychology

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Oct 30, 2023

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Chapter 12: Social Psychology
• Social Psychology: study of how other people influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions
Our Thoughts About Others Attribution: an explanation for the cause of behaviors or events. • A dispositional attribution - behavior stems from an internal cause, such as personal characteristics. • A situational attribution - behavior stems from an external cause, such as situational demands.
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Two Major Attribution Errors 1. Fundamental Attribution Error : misjudging the causes of others’ behavior as due to dispositional causes rather than situational ones. 2. Self-Serving Bias : taking credit for our successes and externalizing our failures.
Attitude : learned predisposition to respond cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally to a particular object.
Attitude Change Through Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive Dissonance : feeling of discomfort caused by a discrepancy between an attitude and behavior or between two attitudes.
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Our Feelings About Others Prejudice : learned, generally negative, attitude toward members of a group, which include three components Cognitions ( stereotypes ), a set of beliefs about the characteristics of people in a group generalized to all group members Feelings Behavioral tendencies ( discrimination )
Our Actions Toward Others Social Influence • Conformity: Changing behavior because of real or imagined group pressure. • Obedience : Following direct commands, usually from an authority figure .
Asch’s Conformity Study • Asch's Conformity Study • Participants were asked to select the line closest in length to X. • When confederates, gave obviously wrong answers (a or c), more than one-third of the participants conformed and agreed with the others’ incorrect choices.
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Reasons for Conformity • Normative Social Influence: conforming out of a need for acceptance and approval. • Informational Social Influence: conforming out of a need for direction. • Reference Groups: people we conform to we like them and want to be like them.
Milgram’s Obedience Study • Milgram's Obedience Study • Participants served as “teachers” in a supposed study of the effects of punishment on memory and learning. • 65% of participants delivered highest level of shock (450 volts) to the “learner.”
Factors Influencing Obedience • Legitimacy and closeness of the authority figure • Remoteness of the victim • Assignment of responsibility • Modeling and imitation
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Altruism • Actions designed to help others with no obvious benefit to the helper. • Psychological explanations for helping: • Egoistic Model • Empathy-Altruism Model
Why Don’t We Help? Takooshian's Psychology of Bystanders Diffusion of Responsibility • assuming someone else will take action How Do We Increase Helping? • Reduce ambiguity of the situation • Increase societal rewards
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