Weekly 6

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Psychology

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Oct 30, 2023

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Weekly 6 Assignment Transgenerational Trauma The study of cellular variations that are caused by an external or environmental causes that switch the genes is called epigenetics. DNA is altered and regulates the gene expression which causes the sequence of the DNA to not change. After doing a test on mice brains they have found that the histone modification changed during the memory part but showed little correspondence with genes. At the end of World War ll, records review that if during the mothers first trimester there was a higher risk for schizophrenia and breast cancer as adults if the baby was exposed to low nutrient diet. If the mother had experienced some sort of PTSD, the offspring would develop PTSD thorn adverse maternal epigenetic related experiences during the pregnancy. After studying women, who went through the trauma of the World Trade Center, had lower levels of cortisol. Their offspring need up having lower levels of cortisol as well. Cortisol is the hormone that is used to help aid in the retry process of trauma. Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma Offspring is said to be effected by their parental trauma exposure that happens before birth and sometimes can happen before conception. After the offspring of the Holocaust survivors came along the concept of intergenerational trauma arose. The offspring of the Holocaust survivors that were born displayed severe

psychiatric symptomatogy. It was like they suffered the trauma rather than there own parents. Secondary traumatization which refers to stressful nature of living with someone who was traumatized and expressed the symptoms as well as reliving the experience. During the studies they tended to focus more on the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis only because it is more vulnerable to to the environmental perturbations. During the study of the Holocaust survivors it has shown that the absence of the traumatic exposures had likely alterations associated with the PTSD with lower levels of cortisol. In conclusion, using animal models that implement the epigenetic mechanism have created what is exciting for the possibility it can happen with humans. The Relevance of Epigenetics to PTSD According to the stress theory, it is said that when the the exposure of the trauma was not present, the person that experienced it would recover from it and go back to normal. For those that had experienced such a trauma is said to have changed from the way they were before the trauma had occurred. Epigenetic mechanisms alter the function of the genes to produce the expression of DNA. The instruction for biological activity has four bases which are guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine. The major endocrine systems that are involved in the short term responses is the HPA axis. It has been shown that the mothers who have experienced some sort of heartfelt trauma pass on to the offspring a low amount of

low cortisol. Epigenetic modifications are suited to explain more about PTSD and how they are at risk of PTSD. The genes of interest is most likely to be identified to be associated with vulnerability to those who have been exposed to trauma. Hidden Burdens Parents can pass on various effects that are caused by trauma to their children whether or not that be a natural disaster or even residential schooling. Tension and anxiety have been shown that the early stressors can change in multiple bairn systems. The complex trauma is what focuses on more earlier experiences such as physical, emotional, and much more childhood events that happens in the first years.The children that are traumatized demonstrate a change in expectation about relationships. Children who show DTD symptoms tend to have long term problems with attention and personality issues. In order for children to regulate their emotions later in their life it is critically that their caregivers show healthy emotional stimulation.A caregiver can help the child modulate their arousal by using a calming method and respond to their physical needs. In conclusion, caregivers should know the awareness of the effects trauma has on children by having access to resources.

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Intergenerational Transmission of Stress in Humans Stress experienced in a parent can have an outcome of psychopathology in their children. Stress effects can remain present after the threat is no longer there which then challenges the paradigm of homeostasis. The intergenerational transmission is the effect of the offspring from their parents exposure. However, children can react to the environments they are used to without even noticing its close to their parents. The biological effects the stress and are reflected in the offspring by biological changes such as neuroendocrine, epigenetic, and neuroanatomical changes. The things that can induce stress are genetics, social learning, parenting and shared environment. For the parents that are highly stressed, it can be passed to the offspring and cause lasting mental and physical outcomes. Intergenerational transmission of stress is continued being studied using the stress that is exposed to prenatal, biological and psychological. Compare, Contrast and Critique The important concepts in the readings are that it is possible that during the prenatal stage of pregnancy that the stress that is exposed can be passed down to the offspring. The important impact that the readings bring to light is the fact that children can imitate the reactions to the environment from their parents. The readings all seemed to give the same definitions when it came down to the Intergenerational Transmission. I did not find any inconsistencies throughout the

readings as all of them had the similar studies being done with the same group of people. Also, some of the readings were by the same author as well so I would not expect to have inconstancies. If I was given the opportunity to solve the challenges that were discussed I would try to give as much information as I can to mothers about how stress can effect the offspring and can lead to more issues later in life. Personal Reflection After reading this weeks module, I have learned a lot about the transgenerational trauma and intergenerational transmission stress in humans. I learned that the stress that a mother is exposed to can be transmitted to the offspring. I do not see the examples given in the news because it is not talked about enough. The concepts that had resonated with me was the fact that intergenerational trauma can be caused by maternal exposure to many stressors. There are not any concepts I did not understand as they were all pretty self explanatory. I did not have any dislikes in the readings as it was almost the same information in each reading but some had went more into detail. Works Cited Krippner Stanley and Deirdre Barrett. Transgenerational Trauma: The Role of Epigenetics. 2019. Vol 40. No 1 .Pg 53-62

Yehuda, Rachel. Amy Lehrner. Intergenerational Transition of Trauma Effects:Putative Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms. October 2018. Pg 243- 257 Yehuda, Rachel and Linda M. Bierer. The Relevance of Epigenetics to PTSD. October 2009. Vol 22. No 5. Pg 427-434 O’Neill, Linda and Tina Frasier. Hidden Burdens: a Review of Intergenerational , Historical and Complex Trauma , Implications For Indigenous People. October 2016.Pg 173 - 186 Bowers, E Mallory, and Rachel Yehuda. Intergenerational Transmission of Stress in Humans. Pg 232-244 Collaborative Grading 1.) I believe that in this module I deserve a engagement level of engagement. Student is optimist in their efforts to learn the material though consistent attendance, focused attention ,diligent effort, interest in subject matter, and is motivated to learn the material. 2.) I believe that this is the best assessment I can give myself because I took the time and effort into putting these summaries together. I was actually engaged in this reading as it was interesting to read that maternal exposure to stress can effect the offspring just as much. 3.) For this assignment I believe I deserve a 25/25.

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4.) I give myself this point allocation because for this assignment I went above and beyond and did more research to make sure what I was reading had the correct information. After reading this weeks module I ended up doing more research to find that this information is to be true. 5.) The things I can improve on would have to be taking more time than normal on the resigns and also try to grasp onto material faster than normal. It took some time to grasp onto this information as it was a lot of reading and also because some of the information given made zero sense to me at first until I looked it up. If it is possible I would love another chance to improve my productivity.