Lacey - Theory Chart

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Name: Billy Lacey Honor Code: “I hereby affirm that I have neither given nor received help on this assignment.” Billy Lacey Theory Chart Assignment Purpose : The Theory Chart assignment will prepare you to write your personal Philosophy of Education through the following actions: 1) Examine and reflect on your personal beliefs and philosophy of educating ALL students. 2) Identify educational theories that support, relate, or connect with your beliefs. It will serve as the first step in analyzing what we believe for every child that walks through our classroom doors. Directions : 1) Part 1: Briefly list your overarching personal beliefs and philosophy of education. 2) Part 2: Research educational theories, identify theories that support relate or connect with your personal beliefs, and complete the chart accordingly. Part 1 : Briefly list your overarching personal beliefs and philosophy of education. Think about your personal beliefs on educating ALL students. What comes to mind? What is your personal philosophy of education? For Example : What do you believe for all students that enter your classroom? What role do you play in educating students? What role do your students play in their own education? My personal belief is that all children are unique and must have a stimulating educational environment where they can grow physically, mentally, emotionally, and socially. Creating an atmosphere that allows students to create, develop, and promote excellence in what they do is the achievement that I aim to create. It is my desire to create this type of environment where students can meet their full potential without being afraid to contribute to the classroom environment and participate in the activities within the classroom. I will provide a safe environment where students are invited to share their ideas and take risks from learning from their mistakes while learning from the knowledge around the world. Creating an atmosphere that is energetic and giving students the ability to have passion will allow the students to have a future were students can think, provide, and engage within society in a manner that promotes educated acknowledgments.

Name: Billy Lacey Honor Code: “I hereby affirm that I have neither given nor received help on this assignment.” Billy Lacey Theory and Theorists Associated with Theory General Overview of Theory Vocabulary and/or Best Practices Associated with Theory How does the theory support, relate or connect with your personal beliefs on educating all students? Cognitive Development / Piaget Piaget stages of cognitive development were broken down in stages. Sensorimotor stage (birth - 2 years) children are learning and thinking through their senses and manipulation. Preoperational stage (toddler 2-7 years) children are using symbols to represent the previous stage. Language, memory, and use of objects are used in make-believe play.  Sensorimotor stage  Preoperational Stage  Concrete Operational Stage  Formal Operational Stage  Egocentric speech This theory supports my educational beliefs by understanding the differences among each student and how their cognitive development affects their stages of life from sensorimotor and all the stages of operation. Part 2 : a) Research educational theories, identify theories that support, relate, or connect with your personal beliefs. b) Complete the chart below accordingly. Note : Although our text covers the major theories related to education, we encourage you to also research additional theories as well as contemporary educational theorists. Links to get you started will be provided on Brightspace under the assignment. 1) Complete the chart with 6-10 theories and theorists that support, related or connect with your personal beliefs on educating ALL students. 2) Include a brief overview of the theory & educational vocabulary and/or best practices associated with the theory. 3) Finally, briefly state how the theory supports, relates, or connects with your personal beliefs. The Theory Chart must include at least 6-10 theories. The Philosophy of Education assignment requires 5 to be referenced in the essay. A healthy list will provide you a framework to complete our Philosophy assignment. **Please note: Best practices, for example scaffolding or differentiation are not theories. Review the Chapter 1 Power Point on what qualifies as a theory.

Name: Billy Lacey Honor Code: “I hereby affirm that I have neither given nor received help on this assignment.” Billy Lacey Concrete operational stage (school-age 7-11 years) reasoning is the process of becoming logical. Organization of collected information. Formal operational stage (adolescence 11 years and older) Using logical thinking apply symbols to abstract concepts. Can now solve scientific problems with numerous potential conclusions. Piaget believed that children's conversations were divided into two categories which are egocentric speech and socialized speech. Egocentric speech is a repetitive phrase that is like toddler speech and can be a monologue of ideas that requires no listening. Socialized speech involves more of a conversation between two people. Piaget didn’t focus on language development. Piaget found that children’s ideas regarding rules, moral judgement, and punishment tend to change as they get older. There are two main types of moral thinking: Heteronomous morality (5-9 years) is known as  Socialized speech  Heteronomou s morality  Autonomous morality

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Name: Billy Lacey Honor Code: “I hereby affirm that I have neither given nor received help on this assignment.” Billy Lacey moral realism which children tend to accept all rules that are made by an authority figure. Autonomous morality (9-10 years) also known as moral relativism when children recognize there is no absolute right or wrong which depends on intentions. Social Learning / Bandura Bandura believed that there were 4 principles of social learning which included: Attention which children can’t learn if not focused on task, retention by remembering and retaining what we have learned, reproduction by reproducing what we have previously learned, and motivation in what needs to be done. Bandura focused on the social learning theory for language development. Children use observation to acquire language as other models. Bandura developed a social learning theory which proposes three regulatory systems to control behavior. Observation is part of learning which includes active, verbal, and symbolic.  Remembering  Retaining  Reproduction This theory supports my educational beliefs by understanding the 4 principles of social learning and how they relate to the students. Students must have a classroom that allow them to be academically successful which allows them to focus on the task or content being taught, retaining the content being taught by remembering what they have learned and reproducing the content taught by using written language or oral demonstration of learning.

Name: Billy Lacey Honor Code: “I hereby affirm that I have neither given nor received help on this assignment.” Billy Lacey Mental states are key as the best learners are learners that are fully motivated. Learning won’t guarantee behavior change. Bandura theory is that children develop morals in self they adopt standards of right and wrong that serves as a guide for standards and restraints from conduct. Psychological Development / Freud Freud theory included that psychological development in childhood takes place during five psychosexual stages that include: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. These are called psychosexual due to each stage representing the fixation of libido on a different body area. Freud stated that all cognitive processes are unconscious and that the outputs of some of these processes are secondarily displayed in consciousness. He believed that conscious thoughts are somewhat representations of unconscious thoughts.  Oral  Anal  Phallic  Latency  Genital This theory supports my educational beliefs by understanding the psychological development that takes place in childhood. As a child develops psychosexually, they display behaviors that are relevant for the appropriate age. Students may have difficulty in maintaining attention within the classroom as they progress through the psychosexual stages. Stages of Psychological Development / Erikson Erickson created a theory of the eight stages of development. Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust birth to 18 months. Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust birth to 18 months. Stage 2: Autonomy This theory supports my educational beliefs by understanding that the stages of development must be noted when teaching. Students are ever-changing and require adults to be mindful of their current stages of life.

Name: Billy Lacey Honor Code: “I hereby affirm that I have neither given nor received help on this assignment.” Billy Lacey 18 months to 3 years. Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt 3 years to 5 years. Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority 5 years to 12 years. Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion 12 years to 18 years. Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation 18 years to 40 years. Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation 40 years to 65 years. Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs. Despair 65 years to the end of life. Erickson emphasized that the ego makes positive contributions to development by mastering attitudes, ideas, and skills at each stage of development. vs. Shame and Doubt 18 months to 3 years. Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt 3 years to 5 years. Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority 5 years to 12 years. Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion 12 years to 18 years. Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation 18 years to 40 years. Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation 40 years to 65 years. Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs. Despair 65 years to the end of life. Cognitive Development / Theory of Learning / Vygotsky Vygotsky cognitive development theory states that cognitive abilities are socially guided and constructed. For example, culture serves as a mediator for the formation and development of specific abilities such as The zone of proximal development is the level of development obtained when children engage in social interactions with others as it is the This theory supports my educational beliefs by understanding the zone of proximal development. Understanding within the classroom what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance and/or in collaboration with capable peers.

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Name: Billy Lacey Honor Code: “I hereby affirm that I have neither given nor received help on this assignment.” Billy Lacey learning, memory, attention, and problem solving. Vygotsky theory of language development focused on social learning and the zone of proximal development. Vygotsky social development theory plays an important part and role in the development of cognition. Vygotsky states that every function in the child's cultural development appears twice, first on the social level and then on the individual level. Vygotsky believed that the theory of moral development is to grasp the nature of higher- level moral learning or the learning process that precedes it. distance between a child’s potential to learn and the actual learning that takes place. Child Development, Language Development, Ecological, Moral Orientations / Bronfenbrenner Bronfenbrenner created a theory that captured key concepts in the theory of child development. Microsystem is the first layer which encompasses an individual's human relationship, interpersonal interactions, and most immediate surroundings. Mesosystem the second layer encompasses the different interactions between the  Microsystem  Mesosystem  Ecosystem  Macrosystem  Self-oriented morality  Authority- oriented morality  Peer-authority morality This theory supports my educational beliefs by understanding that a child’s language is developed developed through their environment such as family, peers, caregivers, school, neighborhood, and cultural context.

Name: Billy Lacey Honor Code: “I hereby affirm that I have neither given nor received help on this assignment.” Billy Lacey characters contained within the microsystem. Ecosystem is the third layer that incorporates elements of the bio-ecological system which do not directly affect children but may have an indirect influence. Macrosystem is the outermost layer which encompasses cultural and societal beliefs, decisions and actions which influence an individual child’s development. Bronfenbrenner theory of language development states that a child’s language is developed through their environment such as family, peers, caregivers, school, neighborhood, and cultural context. Bronfenbrenner uses his ecological theory such as the micro, meso, and macro-level which the macro-level influence describes that the child’s nation of residence can affect his or her emotional development. Bronfenbrenner created a theory of five moral orientations. Self- oriented morality is based on self-interest and motivated by  Collective- oriented morality  Objectively oriented morality

Name: Billy Lacey Honor Code: “I hereby affirm that I have neither given nor received help on this assignment.” Billy Lacey who can help children get what they want or who is hindering that process. Authority-oriented morality applies to parents, teachers, religious leaders, and government leaders. Peer- authority morality is moral conformity based on conventions and rules of a social group. Collective-oriented morality is an extension of the peer- authority stage. Objectively oriented morality is rules that transcend individual moral perspectives and become entities in themselves. Physical Development, Language Acquisition, Maturation / Gesell Gesell observed children and developed the physical development age norms. He determined the normal sequence of development at a certain age. Physical features like how to do certain things, like sit up, roll over, crawl, walk, and grasp objects. Gesell created language acquisition theories about maturation. Language development happens between the age of 40 weeks and 5 years. 40 - 50 weeks the child produces meaningful sounds. Language Acquisition: From age 1 to 2 the child’s vocabulary expands and pronunciation becomes clear. Age 2 to 3 the child begins to communicate in complete sentences. At age 3 to 4 the child begins to ask lots of questions using language to This theory supports my educational beliefs by understanding the differences between a child being worried and having anxiety. According to the theory 9- to 17-year-olds display many worries and anxieties during the odd number years but during the even numbered years of 12, 14, and 16 they are more positive and energetic. Knowing the age of the group of students you teach will help understand the maturation theory.

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Name: Billy Lacey Honor Code: “I hereby affirm that I have neither given nor received help on this assignment.” Billy Lacey Gesell maturation theory displays the range of behavior cycles. expand their knowledge. Age 4 to 5 the child has basic mastery of the language. 18 months to 4 ½ years the child experiences temper tantrums. Maturation Theory: At 5 to 8 years the child becomes more confident in who they are and can make friends. 9 to 17 years the child displays many worries and anxieties during the odd number years but during the even numbered years of 12, 14, and 16 they are more positive and energetic. Behaviorist Theory / Skinner Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning. The idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, and they are  Operant Conditioning  Consequences This theory supports my educational beliefs by understanding how to implement classroom management within your class. Some techniques and process of teaching with the behaviorist theory

Name: Billy Lacey Honor Code: “I hereby affirm that I have neither given nor received help on this assignment.” Billy Lacey reinforcements or punishments that make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again. Skinner believed that children learned language based on behaviorist reinforcement principles by associating words with meanings. Skinner believed that socializing with others is a primary proponent and impact of moral development. He also believed that the outside world is what shapes the individual’s internal sense of morality. include: 1. Teacher leads the class through a topic. 2. Students listen silently. 3. The teacher then sets a task based on the information. 4. Students complete the task and await feedback. 5. The teacher gives feedback, then sets the next task. 6. With each round of feedback, the student is being conditioned to learn the material. Moral Development / Kohlberg Kohlberg believed that there were three stages of gender development that were part of the cognitive-development theory. Kohlberg believed that moral development begins with a child’s selfish desire to avoid and prevent punishment, to belong to society, and to be consistent with what the public views as moral. Kohlberg developed 3 levels of moral development. Gender Development: Stage 1 gender identity that develops around age 2. Stage 2 gender stability that develops around age 4. Stage 3 gender constancy that develops between 5 to 7 years old. Level of Moral This theory supports my educational beliefs by understanding diversity in the classroom. When following the theory of moral development stages, teachers can understand their students best . As the theory has contributed to every stage of growth of a child, teachers can analyze their students' behavior. As a teacher it will help me change my teaching method with the students’ growing age.

Name: Billy Lacey Honor Code: “I hereby affirm that I have neither given nor received help on this assignment.” Billy Lacey Development: Level 1 Preconventional morality Level 2 Conventional morality Level 3 Postconventional morality. Cognitive Load Theory / Sweller Sweller states that cognitive memory is only able to retrieve and store a specific amount of information without memory overload or cognitive overload. The implementation of this theory includes the chunking of information. The three types of cognitive load are Intrinsic cognitive load the amount of working memory required to learn a specific topic, Extraneous cognitive load is the extra cognitive load that students experience when information is presented in difficult ways, Germane cognitive load is how much effort you need to put into remembering something.  Memory Overload  Cognitive Overload Cognitive Load:  Intrinsic cognitive load  Extraneous Cognitive load  Germane cognitive load This theory supports my educational beliefs by understanding how a student may perform when having a cognitive overload. Students in all courses, general education and special education required a certain amount of content to be chunked. This will allow students to remember and retain the content being taught rather than having a memory or cognitive overload.

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Name: Billy Lacey Honor Code: “I hereby affirm that I have neither given nor received help on this assignment.” Billy Lacey References Drew, C. (2023, June 5). https://helpfulprofessor.com/learning-theories/ Loveless, B. (2023, April 14). 15 Learning Theories in Education (A Complete Summary) . Education Corner Education That Matters. https://www.educationcorner.com/learning-theories-in-education/ McDevitt, T. M. (2016). Child development and education (6th ed.). Retrieved from https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780133549812/cfi/6/58!/4/2/16/8/26/2/4@0:63.3