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Ashford University *

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Psychology

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Oct 30, 2023

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Skinner's theory of operant conditioning focuses on the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior, whereas Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning focuses on the development of associations between stimuli and responses. In operant conditioning, an individual's behavior is shaped by the consequences that follow it. Reinforcement, such as a reward, increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated, while punishment, such as a reprimand or removal of a privilege, decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. In classical conditioning, an individual learns to associate two previously unrelated stimuli. For example, Pavlov famously trained dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell by repeatedly ringing the bell before presenting the dogs with food. Over time, the dogs learned to associate the bell with the food, and began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone. Overall, Skinner's theory emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping behavior and Pavlov's theory emphasizes the role of associations between stimuli and responses in shaping behavior. Starting with similarities, both theories involve the process of learning through association. In classical conditioning, Pavlov demonstrated that a neutral stimulus (such as a bell) could be associated with a specific unconditioned stimulus (such as food), leading to the neutral stimulus triggering the response that was originally only elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. This can be seen in the famous example of Pavlov's dogs, where the sound of the bell became associated with the anticipation of food, causing the dogs to salivate even without the presence of the food. On the other hand, operant conditioning, as proposed by Skinner, focuses on learning through consequences. It suggests that behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow. Positive reinforcement involves providing a reward or pleasant consequence to strengthen a particular behavior. For example, if a child receives a candy for tidying up their room, they are more likely to repeat the behavior in the future. This is similar to classical conditioning, as both involve learning through associations, but in operant conditioning, the association is between the behavior and its consequences. Moving to the differences, one notable distinction is the role of the organism in the learning process.
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