3.6 D and E.docx

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Oct 30, 2023

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Aim: To investigate if naturally occurring social groups would demonstrate in-group bias and out-group homogeneity effect Study: Park and Rothbart, 1982 Methodology ® 90 college females on a university campus from a sorority (about 30 from each) e Administer surveys asking participants to evaluate and rank their own sorority and an out-group sorority on ten attributes, including eight positive and two negative characteristics. ® Assess participants' perceptions of the resemblance between members of their sorority and those of two other sororities. e Ranked characteristics on the sororities Results ® In-group bias was evident as participants consistently rated the eight positive characteristics as more representative of their own sorority, while perceiving the two unfavorable traits as characteristic of out-group sororities. e Out-Group Homogeneity Effect was observed as participants tended to perceive greater similarity among members of the out-group sororities than among their own sorority members. This suggests a tendency to generalize and stereotype the out-group. Applications ® Prejudice and Discrimination: The groups favor their own group and feel harsh feelings about the out-group e Stereotypes: The participants has stereotypes for the out-groups and themselves as well ® Research Methods: Natural Experiment ® Ethics: Informed Consent Evaluation Considerations Population Validity: low because they were all females so generalizability is low as well Ecological Validity: High because this is something they see every day and prejudice exists in the real world Alternative Explanations: External factors could also effects the way the ranked such as personal issues

Aim: To investigate the correlation between prejudice and amygdala activation Study: Phelps et al (2000) Methodology ® Participants of White American background underwent an fMRI scan while engaging in the Implicit Association Test (IAT), focusing on male faces of both black and white individuals. e |AT - An automated evaluation of implicit attitudes, this assessment gauges individuals' automatic connections between objects of attitude and words of evaluation. Quicker pairings (and speedier responses) are considered indicative of more robust unconscious associations. Results The study revealed a connection between individuals whose amygdala exhibited the highest activation upon exposure to unfamiliar black faces and their scores on a standardized prejudice assessment. Moreover, when white participants viewed familiar and positively regarded black faces, their amygdala responded differently. This led the researchers to conclude that the study underscores the varying amygdala responses when individuals from black and white social groups are observed. Applications Prejudice and Discrimination: There was higher amygdala activation in whites when shown a black photo hence showing prejudice Brain and Behavior: (Technolgy) fMRI was used to see amygdala activation Research Methods: Correlational Ethics: Informed consent and anonymity Evaluation Considerations Alternative Explanations: The same could be applied to black people as of what they have suffered due from whites Mundane Realism: low because only photos were used Population Validity: Low because small sample of only whites

3.6 D: Stereotypes and Out Group Homogeneity: e What is the out-group homogeneity effect? o The out-group homogeneity effect is a cognitive bias in which individuals often perceive members of an out-group as more similar in personality, attitudes, and characteristics while seeing members of their in-group as more diverse and varied. This bias can lead to stereotyping and oversimplification of out-group members, making it more difficult to appreciate their individual differences. e How can concepts related to social identity explain the formation of stereotypes? o Social identity theory helps explain the formation of stereotypes by highlighting the role of social categorization and group identification. According to this theory, individuals categorize themselves and others into various social groups based on shared characteristics, such as race, ethnicity, nationality, or other shared attributes. Then they get a sense of self-esteem and identity from these groups. Stereotypes emerge as a cognitive shortcut to make sense of the social world. When people identify with a particular group, they may unconsciously develop stereotypes about other groups to enhance their own group's status and self-esteem. Stereotypes can simplify complex social environments, as they provide a way to quickly understand and navigate interactions with members of different groups. However, this simplification often leads to overgeneralizations and the perpetuation of biases. e What are the limitations of using the out-group homogeneity effect to explain the formation of stereotypes? o The out-group homogeneity effect oversimplifies by neglecting the diversity within out-groups. This simplification often leads to overgeneralizations and the perpetuation of biases. Furthermore, it does not fully explain the origins of stereotypes, as they are influenced by various factors, including cultural influences, media portrayals, personal experiences, and in-group biases. Lastly, there are also alternative explanations such as amygdala activation and implicit bias. Ted Talk: 1. Why are stereotypes (and generalizations about the world) helpful? They protect us as they are helpful for survival. 2. What life experiences might have influenced Tajfel’s research? He was Jewish and was captured during the Holocaust. He experienced traumatic things there such as seeing his family and friends die. 3. How did Tajfel’s thinking about the holocaust differ from other people’s way of thinking? They believed the issue centered on a perceived tragic flaw within the German people, while he thought it was the same for everyone. 4. Who were the participants in his early studies?

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British adolescents 5. How did he say he divided the participants? They were divided based on which artist they liked: Kadinksy vs. Klee. 6. What were the results of this study? The results were that more money group would keep the money for themselves and the other group would share hence sacrificing their rewards. 7. What were the results of the puppets studies? The children liked the puppets that liked their food choice and were most like then. They also preferred that the other puppet who was different was punished. 8. What are some real-life examples of bias that Bloom explains in the talk? An example is Jews and Nazi and along with this is black hands hplding baseball cards get less bids. 9. Inthe last 30 seconds of his talk, Bloom talks about the way we think in a way that is related to another model of thinking. Which one? The dual processing model. 3.6 - E: Biology and Racial Bias e How does this study suggest a correlation between implicit bias and amygdala activation? o The study suggests a correlation between implicit bias and amygdala activation. This is shown by how they observed that heightened amygdala activation was evident when White participants were processing images of Black faces compared to White faces. This suggests that the amygdala plays a role in the neural response to racial information. Furthermore, the study found that this increased amygdala activation was associated with quicker categorization of negative words following exposure to Black faces, indicating a connection between amygdala activation and implicit racial bias. e Why can we not conclude a causal relationship from this study? o Phelps et al.'s study offers great evidence of a correlation between amygdala activation and implicit racial bias. However, it falls short of establishing a definitive causal relationship due to several factors. First, it is unclear whether amygdala activation precedes the development of implicit bias or vice versa. Second, the presence of third variables, such as social conditioning and past experiences, introduces confounding factors that make it challenging to pinpoint a direct cause-and-effect relationship between amygdala activation and implicit bias.

T ¢ @& implicitharvard.edu/implicit/Study?tid=-1 L % ©@ @ & O tattoo - Go.. G hiraethtattoo - Go... G artsy aestheticwor... G artsy aestheticwor... = ENFP M Gmail @ AP Daily Video thu... @@ YouTube Q Geometry » M‘ﬂ(fi"@d‘ ‘“&@Pwe Scientists Donw During the Implicit Association Test (IAT) you just completed: LSYour responses suggested little or no automatic association between Female and Male v.ith Zareer and Family. | | | " Disclaimer: These IAT results are provided for educational purposes only. The results may fluctuate and should not be used to make important decisions. The results are influenc ~, variables related to the test (e.g., the words or images used to represent categories) and the person (e.g., being tired, what you were thinking about before the IAT). ' How does the IAT work? The IAT measures associations between concepts (e.g., Family and Career) and evaluations (e.g., Female, Male). People are quicker to respon 1d when items that are more closeh related in their mind share the same button. For example, an implicit preference for Family relative to Career means that you are faster to sort words /hen 'Family' and 'Female’ sr button relative to when 'Career' and 'Female' share a button. . Studies that summarize data across many people find that the IAT predicts discrimination in hiring, education, healthcare, and law enforcement. Howe ver, taking an IAT once (like y just did) is not likely to predict your future behavior well. Percent of web respondents with each score Strong automatic association of Male with Career and Female y . 24% with Family 81°F Search fi Partly sunny Q L