week 4 lecture

Week 4 Lecture Imperialism (video) - Contraction of identity in a very young age like singing the national anthem in primary school - Before supporting events sing the national anthem but not before movie so like entertainment some places involves patriotism and not in others - Key distinction between colonialism, imperialism and settler colonialism: the idea of what resources are being extracted Imperialism - ‘methods employed by one nation-state to gain power over an area(s) and then exercise control over it’ - Origins in Roman Empire - Geographical element, Early globalization? - Tries to go to distance placed in order to conquer them not necessarily for direct benefit but often for prestige and nationalism - Late 1800’s - For occupation of territory by Germany, Italy, Belgium, Great Britain, France, U.S - Boer war (1899-1902) – Concentration Camps, Canadian Involvement (Guerilla War) these empires collapsed after world war 2 in part because part of the american rebuilding agreement and the marshall plan was that there was no longer going to be direct imperial trade relationships that if we were going to have an open system everybody got to trade with everybody you couldn't just trade either from or colonize or imperial power - Collapsed after World War II - American access to British former colonies - End of Soviet Union – last direct Imperial power Elements of Imperialism - Cultural imperialism - ‘cultures imposing themselves, more or less consciously, on other cultures’ - Media imperialism - ‘Western (especially U.S) media and their technologies dominating less- developed nations, cultures - Reason for the CBC - British tradition but also this idea that if we only get content from the U.S we can not going to heat any canadian stories or ideas so we have this weird kind of infant industry protection around CBC and canadian content because of the idea of supporting canadian artists, by necessity both drake and justin bieber get more airplay in canada because if the canadian content rules that require so much content specifically during peak hours - Idea that the concentration of platforms or power grants the ability to think or not think about ideas so the gobbling up of local ,edoa means you hear less and less

about local stories in your community and more you have to rely on national media in order to do things Sites of Imperialism - Great Britain - Commonwealth still exists, HBC - U.S justification for gun ownership - Indians in 1947 - Soviet Union - Ukraine, Poland, East Germany - Functions as a site of imperialism - U.S - Less political control? Less direct control - Do you consider the U.S a source of imperialism? - They created all of these things like united nations Theories of imperialism - Lenin - Capitalism drives interest in investment into new geographic areas (seeking new markets to sell goods they cannot sell at home) - Five dimensions of imperialism 1. Strong monopolistic concentration of power and wealth 2. Financial control of investment and industry 3. Export of capital rather than the exports of goods 4. Formation of international capitalist monopolies which share the world amongst themselves 5. Territorial division of the whole world among the greatest capitalist powers Economy as oversimplification - Competition and technology are also integral imperialism and that global colour line and racial superiority often justifies interventions that don't make sense or not well founded - We have legacies that result from south asian cricket all the sports rugby as a kind of global sport both have these linkages to these kind of traditional relationships of british and french imperialism - Flow of profits was not as great as assumed - Competition and technology were integral to imperialism - Racial superiority justified otherwise unprofitable strategies - the ‘civilizing’ process resulted in hybridity - British versus French imperialism - Legacies of cuisine, language, sport Crazy rich asians as a hybrid model?

- It's a bet for future growth - New imperialism: these capitalists growth is similar today but very different as well because its focused through these companies and these regions within countries Colonialism - ‘creation by the colonial power of an administration in the area that has been colonized to run its internal affairs’ - Linked to Imperialism but not the same - Includes Military intervention (establish domain over the territory largely to develop some use of the laboring bodies there) + settling territory - Ancient history – 2 dominant periods - 1400’s in Africa, Asia and Americas by Europe - 1820 –> WWI Decolonization - Cultural colonialism - ‘extension of colonial power through cultural activities and institutions (particularly education and media) or the asymmetric influence of one culture on another ‘ - Many colonies existed until after WWII - ‘revealing and dismantling colonialist power in all its forms’ - ‘decolonization’ period - New states and governments Decolonization (video) - self -determination and the new form of this direct control this is where humanitarianism and human rights come in both as aspirational goal but a very abstract one that then justifies ongoing interventions in the place where used to have imperial domination - Colonialism is the absolute enemy of open economies and of free trade colonialism - Colonialism is about anything, about managing economies restricting access Post-colonialism - Post-colonialism: developments that take place in a former colony after the colonizing power departs - After-Colonialism - Not ‘end’ of colonialism, it’s the consequences - Attitudes persist - Hybridization – complex identities and problems - Sri Lanka and Tamil minority - Structural linkages

- Economic trade, loss of institutional support and power linkages - Economies created for colonial export - Development and globalization dictated by these links (passports, priority countries, commonwealth membership) Commonwealth (video) - Spend a whole legislative session fighting over both what the anthem should be and then what our flag should look like - Anti-colonial nationalism tends to reinforce this kind of patriotic identity - We should have persisted with our british identity developing a unique canadian identity Settler colonialism - Settler Colonialism: ‘Foreign power oversees the family settlement of immigrants often through depopulation’ - Implication: The Anglosphere shares a common history (Canada , U.S similar, Israel?) - Implication: The family is an integral part of the imaginary of the nation state (heteronationalism/ dark side of democracy/ banality of colonialism) - Implication: The dispossession of lands through settlement has never stopped and is probably increasing - Given the low density (for transit, services, infrastructure) of urban sprawl, combined with little concern for farmland, food and nature, is the GTA a form of colonialism? Settler colonialism - ‘Logic of elimination’ - Exploitation of labouring bodies less relevant than colonialism (also blunts Marxist takes) marxism doesn't have a whole lot to contribute - No post – ‘What? Postcolonialism? Have they left?’ – Bobby Sikes - Replacement (watch what the right claims of others, it is their tell) - Need to appropriate indigeneity (mascots(as a way to justify rallying), Elizabeth Warren) the land becomes more important to the settlers because it's their only fondation of their claim and how they can justify what they know Settler colonialism - Criticizing states: Criticism of settler colonialism needs to address the process not just the state - Annexation through depopulation is common in the Anglosphere (use of the reserves system) - Practices of settler colonialism should be criticized alongside Canada's discrimination of aboriginal groups - Settler colonialism disproportionately benefits/counts/includes some bodies over others - One of the fastest growing population in canada is non-status

- The dependency theory said that if you want to get high economic growth in your country what you need to do is put up barriers that restrict the flow of imports into the country develop and build your own domestic industries and if you don't do that your going to be victimized by world trade - We know that RNT hasn't been offshored that that still remains in the west, rnt that takes abroad is still highly concentrated through the process through the big firms that run it - Take the idea of neoliberalism and implement it so things like the freeing of business Failure of development - North has to supply foundation for development (aid and loans) - transfer of funds from the south to the north - compete in the same sectors, so no ability to export = can’t make back money to pay back debt - Consequence - Get idea that exporting is good and that we should supply supply raw materials to the north with very low margins and this becomes a global policy that results in basic commodities dropping in price - economies discouraged from developing own industries - focus on supplying raw materials to the north (very low margins) also everyone encouraged to do the same (huge drops in commodity prices) - Do the wealthy have obligations to the societies that created them? - Foreign direct investment (FDI): investment by a firm in one nation-state in a firm in another nation-state with intentions of controlling it Which leads to dependency - As a global system explained as Core-Periphery - Tech stays in the core countries - Labour in periphery countries now known as North and South or developed and developing - Andre Gunder Frank (UofT) - What we are actually seeing is underdevelopment, despite adapting all of these strategies and models of growth we end up worse off than we have been if we haven't done it at all so it's hard to frame it as a development if your put pack from where you were - Set back by practices of the North - Pollution, Doha trading round - World systems theory - We are all interconnected and you can't make a change in one place without it having consequences elsewhere which results in it being difficult to change the patterns that were set up in the colonial period for trade routes - Think about politics in terms of the world and North South Relations - Structures of the world are set up to bias the North - Dependency theory: the idea that the development of the nation-states of the south contributed to a decline in their independence and to an increase in their dependence on the north - World system theory: the idea that the world is divided mainly between the core and the periphery, with the latter dependent on, and exploited by, the former

Also known as westernization - Not exactly the same as Americanization - Western ways are considered the best ways even though every time we try transplant them somewhere else they don't function the same way what we need is a hybrid model - Broad tendency towards adopting Western ways - Substantial differences between the U.S, UK, Germany, France, Canada - Overall general principles which can be seen in common - Western liberal democracy - Western civil society - Western relationships between religion and state - Relative autonomy of economic matters from political and social ones - Dominance of global English (URL’s) West and East (video) - Not only hybridity here but an effort to rethink what it means to be modern or western and developed through the specific religious and cultural context of malaysia when we think about the context of what it means by growth - Leaders speak for everyone but clearly overstate what things are because every context is going to be different on how its going to be interpreted - Ritzer got famous because he came up with the concept of mcdonaldization he also has starbuckization , its this idea that just because an aspect of what is normatively called development in the west is incorporated doesn't meant those societies are fundamentally changed as a consequence Easternization - There was an argument that easternization is a way to do westernization differently, to do it in their own model - The benefit and success of asia's development is something that the west should copy - Easternization - Flows emerging from Asia towards the West - ‘Asian values’ - Japanization of North American culture - Japan has be culturally developing ahead of the west so we start to pick up in its wake - Were not contributing to easternization - Crony capitalism? - Hipsters - Cultural malaise - Just-in-time manufacturing - Dominance of Toyota, Honda, Hyundai - Pervasive consumption of eastern goods (Chinese) - Can China be a hegemonic force for good in the world?

- Wal-Mart - McDonaldization - Ritzer Americanization 'Starbuckization’ - American culture - Branding and advertising - Different everywhere or the same everywhere? - Starbucks vs Tim Horton’s - Would Canada exist without Americanization? - Canada being the neighbour to the U.S also being the one that's most staunchly anti-american - 1777 declaration draft included Canada (thought that canada was going to go with the states when they declared independence which canada did not) - 1850 reciprocity, 1911 liberal loss - 1850 full free trade was proposed with canada to just integrate us but we so feared that we were going to lose our distinctness that we refused to do it - 1911 liberal loss when they proposed full free trade with the U.S and they also declined - John A MacDonald’s National Policy - Trying to build canada against the north-south influence of canada and the the U.S is to build a national policy in national railroad or highway in order to develop our capacity against the pull of the americans - Canadian content requirements 3/10 v 1/10 - Do American economic products represent American culture? Types of americanization - African Americanization - Subcultures of the U.S, global commodity the billionaires that have come out of this - Beyonce and Jay-Z - Holocaust Americanization - In Canada as well - Special political and historical developments - Latin Americanization - Growing population and political clout of the latinx the hispanic community and their representation both culturally, politically and politically - Americanization of international crime - Jurisdiction anywhere, privatization of prisons Expressions of americanization

- Americanization’s peak - ‘Heyday of American influence (in Europe) between 1945 to 1971’ - Americanization’s decline - ‘Period After 1971 when Americanization lost its hegemony in Europe (and Elsewhere)’ - Why 1971 ? - Nixon and the end of the gold standard - Nixon ended the convertibility of the U.S dollars and gold so after world war 2 in order to stabilize currencies that have been widely out of whack before then especially in the interwar period the U.S dollar said that one U.S dollar is worth one th irty fifth of an ounce of gold - Given that so much american funding of aid and development and then vietnam was funded in U.S dollars offshore it became increasingly apparent that the inflation of the ability of the U.S to both be the reserve currency for all the other currencies of the world and at the same time able to print so much of it that clearly it should of had inflationary pressures meant that this peg that they created after world war 2 did not make any sense it was actually france that started realizing this and said your going to give me gold if I convert U.S dollars into it and try to empty fort knox and then this is when Nixon said no we are going to stop this - Free floating currency, lack of central intervention to defend markets Wtf happened in 1971 - The economy continues to grow in the U.S but compensation flattens out - Earnings start flattening out but growth continues - Gains of the postwar period continued to be distributed until 1971 and then all of a sudden we start to see growing inequality - After 1971 income growth flattened - After 1971 of the total income drop dramatically - After 1971 we see the way in which income concentration has risen the top one percent gets more - Average black income as the percentage of white income flattens in 1971 - Real GDP per capita in both men and women, mens flattens and womens continues to increase - Both spouses working shoots up after 1971 - Income and inequality shoot up after 1971 - Proliferation of regular inflation after 1971 - Cumulative inflation after 1971 - Consumer prices shoot way up - electricity, food and fruit all go up - Housing prices - How long does it take to save for a house shoots up - Basically how much in 1971 debt can proliferate which part of this was because gold was functioning as a artificial restraint on growth Expressions of americanization - Americanization without America

- Empire stabilizes the rest of the world Is the U.S declining? - U.S cannot hold power - Rise of Europe, Asia - Declining importance of the nation-state - Global adoption of democracy (Arab Spring) - Modernization is no longer imposed, it is chosen - Analysis has been decentered from the U.S - More emphasis on hybridity, global awareness, interconnectedness - Was the 1970’s Soviet Union the closest we ever were to paradise? - Guaranteed work and income but they had outages, shortages which then made you appreciate what you had more and you can still travel west and see all the west had to offer without having to go to the west and live in the west - Having all the things you want but have them taken away enough so that you actually don't get bored with them and tired with them Anti-Americanism - Older than US itself - Confederacy (was 4 years) - New England versus New France - Anti-Americanism - ‘ Predisposition to hostility towards U.S and American society, relentless critique of American social, economic, political institutions and traditions’ - Psychological and religious hostility to American stereotypes - Historical anti-Americanism based on U.S behavior - Political and economic anti-Americanism from current policies - Cultural anti-Americanism the resentment of American cultural domination Canada as anti-americanism - Freud called: - ‘ Narcissism of small differences ’ - Canada’s state religion - So similar, Canada needs to distinguish itself - Diefenbaker against Kennedy - Chretien against Bush - All these people made there careers off of being anti-american in their campaigns - U.S as standard upon which Canada judges itself - Does Canada undermine globalization by being anti-American?

Post-Americanization - The rise of everybody else - China as the second biggest economy - Canadian household income higher than the U.S - American problems can tribute to America in decline - Rise of the right/fiscal cliffs - U.S can no longer dictate policy to the rest of the world - Requires more cooperation precisely at the time when it gets none - American military aggression a symptom of its inability to use coercion Neoliberalism - Neoliberalism: Liberal commitment to individual liberty combined with a belief in the free market and opposition to state intervention in it - Dominant ideology today - Individualism, free markets, bootstrap, regressive taxation(taking from the rich and giving to the poor) , consumption and growth - Global Economic flows - Dominant economic processes today - Trade - Financial Investment Neoliberalism (video) - As ideology that the market is a cohere belief system so it processes information, it tell us where to go, and it's better than any individual or group decision making interference in what otherwise would be a natural equilibrium - Emphasization precarisation over state control as the best way to deliver public services Where did neoliberalism come from? - (1)Classic liberalism - John Locke and Adam Smith - Free markets and nonintervention ‘invisible hand’ on the market - Neoliberalism - ‘New’ liberalism, classic liberalism in a new context - Trying to reassert this post the content of keynesianism of the 70s of the interventions - (2)Embedded liberalism - Postwar structures of the international system - Foundational ways of thinking about the world (UN) - Countering Socialist/Marxist/collectivist inroads - Keynesianism – government role in managing business cycle - Macroeconomic view of economy

expenditures, structural adjustment (WB, IMF for all developing countries needing assistance), Federal, provincial, municipal deregulation, privatization and defunding (pollution, health care, garbage collection) - In terms of global policy they used to be called ‘Structural Adjustment’ now ‘Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers’ - Deregulation: Commitment by nation-states to limit or eliminate restraints on the free market and free trade In practice - Popular resistance/corruption/scandal - Hugo Chavez/Evo Morales/ Lula - Enron/WorldCom/Bear Stearns/AIG - Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac/Citibank - Linked with neoconservative ideals - Project for New American Century - Commitment for morality and order and the necessary imposition of that order worldwide - War + neoliberalism = Profit - Limited government: no government can do things as well as the market and should not intervene in it Limited Government? - Neoliberal + Neoconservative = strong social regulation little corporate regulation - Problem with Neoliberal + Neoconservative framing is that you can get an advocacy that china reflects a certain free market attitude, that what it is strong social regulation with little corporate regulation - 1881 Pope Leo XIII – middle ground between Marxism and capitalism - ‘corporatism’ – New Deal, Italian Fascism, German fascism - Christian Democrats in post-war Europe

- East Asian authoritarianism - Russia kleptocracy - elites after the fall of the soviet union take control of key sectors of the economy - Run the economy in relation to their power with the state - Why are textbooks so afraid of identifying shifting right goalposts ? - Don't want to address the neoconservative or religious parts of it or that there treading into the moral waters - Neoliberalism has to supplement itself because its a free market policy and it can supplement itself with chinese communism or russian kleptocracy but that market system is still compatible just unsure if market system results in better democracy Common criticisms of neoliberalism - Double movement: The coexistence of the expansion of the laissez-faire market and the reaction against it - Polanyi - He argues when free market forces push too far society starts to pushing back because we don't like the excessive privatization of too many things - Capitalist free markets are antisocial - Society will inevitably fight back - There is a DOUBLE MOVEMENT between market forces and social forces - More privatization = more resistance to privatization - More foreign ownership = more resistance to foreign ownership - More economic crisis = more government regulation - Trump and bottom 50% ? BLM? - Aiwha Ong - Says the exception is crucial to neoliberalism so it uses those exceptional circumstance in order to implement these things - Exceptional cases = free market examples - Export processing zones (EPZ’s)/Special Economics Zones (known as free zones ) - Mini experiments in free trade and globalization - Al l border zones specifically china were targeted as sites where there no regulation or oversight, very little environmental, labour protection making them become special regions that focus explicitly on free trade but disconnected from society making them not impact society too much - De-nationalized zones of work - Don't have to follow the regular labour protections and pay ridiculous legal wages - Look socially similar - Low-wage women’s work, high levels of burnout, military organization, heavy pollution, crime, racism - Short-term experiments that see double movements where we are unsure if the societies benefit enough Common criticism - Leslie Sklair - Neoliberal globalization vs socialist globalization (never happened –