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Old Dominion University *

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Political Science

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Oct 30, 2023

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Part 1: Answer 3 of the 4 Short Answer Questions (13 points apiece). Only answer 3. In detail, describe the effects and purpose of Jim Crow laws in the American South after the American Civil War? Jim Crow laws were state laws that enforced racism against African Americans in the South. These laws affected the lives of this minority in several unbelievable ways. They were denied access to public spaces such as drinking fountains and buses, and were often forced to be ridiculed and even hurt or killed from the police and members of their community. The purpose of these laws was to maintain the social and political superiority of white Americans over African Americans to reinforce the racial hierarchy that existed at the time. Referring to a primary source from class, how did the Cold War affect what it means to be an American at home and abroad? I chose President Roosevelt's Executive Order No. 9066 as my primary source. This document authorized the internment of over 120,000 people of Japanese descent during WW2. This order authorized military commanders to designate areas as military areas from which any or all persons could be excluded, and the federal government provided transportation, food, shelter, and other accommodations as necessary. This order affected what it means to be an American both at home and abroad by violating the civil liberties of Japanese Americans and perpetuating racist attitudes. It also demonstrated how fear and hysteria can lead to the erosion of constitutional freedoms. How did Integration (Desegregation) and the Civil Rights movement shape what it means to be an American? The Civil Rights Movement and the integration that it brought about challenged what people believed at the time what it meant to be an American. It forced Americans to confront its bloody and brutal history of racism to pave the way for greater equality for African Americans and all other marginalized groups. Part 2: Primary Source Analysis (40 Points) Please analyze the Who, What, When, Where, How, and Why of the following source and answer how the source can be used to make an argument about US history? The National Organization for Women's Statement of Purpose is a powerful feminist piece that talks about the need for true equality for women and men. The National Organization for Women has a Statement of Purpose that outlines the goals of its feminist vision like to ensure that women have the same opportunities and freedom as men. This took place during 1966 in America. They fought by taking action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society, breaking through the brick wall of prejudice and discrimination against women in America. This was done to achieve true equality for women by recognizing that women's

problems are linked to many facets of societal life. In the end, this can be used to make an argument about US history as it illuminates the necessity for women's equality during a time of change following WW2 . They're trying to convay that the fight for women's rights was a crucial part of the battle as a whole for civil rights and social justice in America. Furthermore it underlines the significance of collective action of a group that can have real impact and the value of our first amendment right in the ongoing fight for achieving true equality. By analyzing this document, we can see how the feminist movement contributed to a broader understanding of human rights in America and helped shape the nation towards a more inclusive and equal world. Part 3: Essay Question (40 points) Referring to primary sources from class, please describe in your opinion the most important issue, conflict, debate, or theme that shaped how we understand what it means to be an American today and how it has changed over time? In my opinion, the most important primary source is Thomas Jefferson's draft of the Declaration of Independence. In the draft Jefferson denounces the British king for engaging in the slave trade and suppressing legislative attempts to eliminate or restrain it, while also highlighting the irony of colonists fighting for their own liberty while simultaneously denying it to others through slavery. Jefferson strongly condemns the practice of capturing and enslaving people, who had never harmed the captors. He portrays this practice as a cruel war against human nature itself and a violation of the most sacred rights of life and liberty. Jefferson says that the king is now using the enslaved people to fight against the very colonists who are seeking their own freedom. This, to Jefferson, is a clear example of the king's willingness to commit crimes against the lives of one group of people to pay off previous crimes committed against the liberties of another group. However this shows the hypocrisy of the time with the colonists resorting to the same tactics. This version of the declaration reflects the giant impact that slavery had on the unification of the States. It displays that even in the earliest days of America's history there was a heated debate over whether enslaving other human beings was wrong. The specific wording Jefferson chose suggest that the issue was not just one of politics; yet a systemic one that cut to the heart of what it means to be an American and not just that but it questioned our human morality. Throughout our history the question of slavery's morality has been a defining issue that has molded the understanding of what it means to be an American. Over time that slavery was deemed as inhumane going the opposite direction with our values of freedom, equality, and justice that are central to our personal national identity. The scar that slavery left on this country continues to impact our society today with an ongoing struggle for racial justice. This serves as a reminder for all of the oppression and injustices that fill up our textbooks in our American history, and that we as Americans need to build a society that truly lives up to our founding ideals with equality for all regardless of a person's race, sex, or anything else for that matter. As we confront and deliberate all the ways in which slavery has shaped our society and really work towards a future in which all Americans are truly equal and free.

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