study guide American History 2

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Colorado Christian University *

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Political Science

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Oct 30, 2023

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T/F - Upon hearing of the possible resignation of George Washington, King George III said, "If he does that, he will be the greatest man in the world" TRUE Who was the commander of the New Model Army who eventually became Lord Protector of England? Oliver Cromwell Why is George Washington referred to as the American Cincinnatus? He looked at Cincinnatus as an example, who was given all of the power, and then retired, returning the power to the people The Articles of Confederation describe the relationship between the states as a... Firm league of friendship What were some of the successes of the Articles of Confederation? Winning the War of Independence Treaty of Paris (1783) - Independence recognized, land acquired Northwest Ordinance (1787) - Establish governance of territories, protect civil and religious rights, no slavery in these future states What were some of the failures of the Articles of Confederation? States retained all civil power No power to tax/raise revenue No executive power Law required 9/13 votes Unanimous consent required to amend What was Shay's Rebellion? A group of farmers who were frustrated because they were not getting paid for their service to the country and the debts now fell onto them A convention was called in 1787 for what purpose? To amend the Articles The Virginia Plan was also known by what name? The Large State Plan In opposition to the Virginia Plan, what did the New Jersey Plan propose? Unicameral legislature, equal representation, multi-person executive chosen by legislature The Great/Connecticut Compromise was offered by which delegate to the convention? Roger Sherman What does it mean to say the Constitution is a Compromise document? It is full of compromises for both previous plans, as well as compromising the power What is Federalism? A power sharing agreement between the national federal government and the state governments How is the Electoral College a product of Federalism? It is how we choose an executive, which is through representatives, meaning the states get to vote Who was the author of the Virginia Plan? James Madison How did Madison's Virginia Plan influence the Constitution? 3 branches of government - Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Bicameral legislature, HoR proportional representation How did the Virginia Plan propose to organize the Legislature? Two separate houses, both with representation based on population How did the New Jersey Plan propose to organize the Legislature? One house, with equal representation What was the Hamilton Plan? Bicameral legislature, equal representation

National government Senators with life terms President with life term Judges with life term Basically copied Parliament How did the Great/Connecticut Compromise settle the issue? Bicameral house - House of Representatives with population based representation, Senate with equal representation What was the three-fifths compromise? Only three of every five slaves would be counted In September of 1787, the Constitution was signed, what did Article VII require? Nine states were needed to ratify it In the debate over ratification, who were the two major parties? Federalists and Anti-Federalists What did the Federalists want? A strong central/federal government What did the Anti-Federalists want? To keep power within the states How does the story of Jefferson's Dinner Party illustrate the difference between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists? Jefferson's "greatest men" were Bacon, Newton, and Locke, members of the Enlightenment Hamilton's "greatest man" was Caesar, a man of power and authority What are the Federalist Papers? A series of essays written in newspapers to explain why the Constitution was needed Written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison What does Alexander Hamilton say is the "important question" the people have to decide? Can humanity unite and form a government, or are we destined to collapse and be ruled? According to Hamilton, the "vigor of government" is... Essential to the security of liberty What other writers does Hamilton recruit to help him write the Federalist Papers? John Jay and James Madison The Anti-Federalists were able to secure an important concession from the Federalists. What was that concession? The Bill of Rights For the Anti-Federalists, which amendment was the most important and why? The Tenth Amendment It prevented the federal government from gaining complete control and becoming too powerful - Enumerated Powers When was the US Constitution ratified? June 21, 1788 The Constitution creates the United States as what type of government? A Republic T/F - The first Presidential election was determined by popular vote TRUE? - Electors chose him In the election of 1789, who received the most votes? George Washington In the election of 1789, who received the second most votes? John Adams Who was the first Vice President of the United States? John Adams Washington's Cabinet consisted of how many people, who were they, and what departments did they represent? 4 Secretary of State - Thomas Jefferson

Secretary of Treasury - Alexander Hamilton Secretary of War(Defense) - Henry Knox Attorney General - Edmund Randolph One of the first items on Washington's agenda as President was to oversee the passage of Amendments to the Constitution. What were some of these amendments, and why were they important? Passed - 1. Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Petition, and Assembly 2. Freedom to Keep and Bear Arms 3. Freedom from Forced Quartering of Troops 4. Freedom from Unreasonable Search and Seizure 5. Freedom of Self-Incrimination and Due Process 6. Right to Just Judicial Process 7. Right to Trials by Jury 8. Freedom from Excessive Bail and Punishment 9. Clarification Regarding Rights Retained by People 10. Clarification Regarding Rights Retained by the States Not Passed - 1. Fixed Formula for Congressional Apportionment 2. Pay Raise Amendment Importance - These are the Bill of Rights Why was the Federal Judiciary Act important? Sets up the judicial system - Supreme Court, 3 Circuit Courts, 13 District Courts What compromise did Alexander Hamilton have to agree to in order to get Congress to approve the federal government assuming the States' war debts? Placement for the future Capitol City What was the Whiskey Insurrection, and how did it demonstrate a difference between the power of the federal government under the Constitution versus the Articles of Confederation? The Whiskey Insurrection was a rebellion against a tax on whiskey Under the Constitution, the federal government was able to raise a militia to put down the rebellion, and there was an executive to lead them What was the disagreement Hamilton and Jefferson had over the creation of a National Bank? Jefferson believed that the federal government DID NOT have the power to create one because of the Tenth Amendment Hamilton believed that the federal government DID have the power to create one because of Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 - Anything necessary and proper What were the first two political parties? Federalists and Democratic-Republicans What were some of the distinctives of the Federalists? They supported a strong central government They favored the British Broad construction of the Constitution Distrust of the ability of the people to govern themselves Aristocratic Sympathies Favorable to Urbanization, Industrialization Centralization of wealth What were some of the distinctives of the Democratic-Republicans? Opposed a strong central government They favored the French Strict construction of the Constitution Belief in the people's ability to govern themselves Democratic Sympathies Favorable to Agrarianism Broad diffusion of wealth

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What was the purpose of the Neutrality Proclamation? It was to declare that the nation will remain neutral in the conflict between England and France What was the Genet Affair? What were the Pacificus-Helvidius Debates? T/F - George Washington's Farewell Address was a speech he delivered at the inauguration of his successor FALSE - Published in newspapers What were Washington's most important points in his Farewell Address? Warning against permanent foreign alliances Warning against political parties Warning against sectionalism Commending of religion and education What was the first partisan election in America's history? Election of 1796 Who won the 1796 election for President? John Adams John Adams is a member of what political party? Federalists Thomas Jefferson was a member of what party? Democratic-Republicans Who serves as John Adams' Vice President? Thomas Jefferson What problem did John Adams have over his cabinet? They were disloyal, listened to Hamilton more than him What were the Alien and Sedition Acts? Laws passed by Federalists that made it so anyone who disproved openly of the President could be arrested and fined It also made it harder for immigrants to become American citizens It allowed the government to imprison any immigrants that "seemed dangerous" What were the Kentucky and Virginia Resolves? Refusal to enforce the Alien and Sedition Acts States have the right to declare acts unconstitutional States have the right to nullify such acts What was Adams' greatest achievement as President? Keeping America out of a war with France(?) What was unique about the Presidential Election of 1800? Jefferson and Burr tied for the most votes for the Presidency After the election of 1800, the Federalists attempted to stack the Judiciary with Federalists before they were forced to leave office. This would eventually lead to what famous court case? Marbury v. Madison Who did John Adams appoint as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court? John Marshall T/F - When Thomas Jefferson became President he completely reversed the policies of the Federalists FALSE In Marbury v. Madison, the Marshall Court established the principle of Judicial Review. What does this mean, and why is it important? It means that it gives the power of determining whether a law is constitutional or not to the Supreme Court It established the role of the Supreme Court What were the series of revivals in the late 18th Century called? The Second Great Awakening What was the nickname of famed itinerant Methodists preacher of the Second Great Awakening, Lorenzo Dow? Crazy

Which political thinker/American founder would Lorenzo Dow and other Second Great Awakening preachers agree more with?: Jefferson or Hamilton? Jefferson T/F - The Cane Ridge Meeting was a sober, orderly, and theologically intellectual event FALSE - There were sinners shrieking What was the primary emphasis/tone of the message of the Second Great Awakening? Spiritual equality in Christ Democratic tone T/F - Charles Finney believed revivals were miracles of God, not the result of man's work and efforts FALSE According to Thomas Kidd, Charles Finney's evangelical was what compared the Calvinism of Jonathan Edwards Human-centered What were the two main results of the Second Great Awakening? 1. Growth of major Protestant denominations 2. Rise of unusual religions and groups What was the most radical teaching of Mother Ann Lee and the Shakers? Christ's second coming would be as a woman Mother Ann Lee believed it was her What was the main teaching of the Millerites? The end of the world was near (in 1843) Who did the Millerites eventually become? Adventist Church Who became the most important leader of the Seventh Day Adventists? Ellen White What were some of the teachings of Ellen White? Vegetarianism Prophetic authority T/F - The Oneida Community believed that people could be completely sin free, encouraged "complex marriages," and practiced communal(socialist) living TRUE What was the most famous religious group to emerge out of the Second Great Awakening? Mormons (Church of Latter-Day Saints) What did the angel Moroni supposedly give Joseph Smith? Golden plates with Egyptian hieroglyphics and a seer stone to translate What book did Joseph Smith begin selling in the 1830's? The Book of Mormon After an angry mob lynched Joseph Smith, who became the leader of the Mormons? Brigham Young Where did Brigham Young lead the Mormons? Utah T/F - Despite the fact that he owned slaves, George Whitefield criticized the Southern Colonies for their poor treatement of slaves TRUE What churches began to make inroads with slaves and free Blacks? Baptist and Methodist Who was David George? A slave who was converted Pastor of the first independent black church, Silver Bluff Church Who founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church? Richard Allen Who were the first five presidents of the United States? George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Monroe In 1803, Thomas Jefferson made the Louisiana Purchase. Why was he conflicted about this action, and why did he go through with it despite his misgivings? He was

conflicted about it because it went against his political principles, and he wasn't sure if he had to power to do so He went through with it because it was with his vision of America, and expanding it T/F - Thomas Jefferson abolished the importation of slaves into America TRUE T/F - Thomas Jefferson chose not to run for a third term as President despite being at the height of his presidency and popularity FALSE - Actually was at a low point, but didn't choose to fix that Who succeeded Thomas Jefferson as President? James Madison T/F - James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were long time political opponents FALSE - Close friends What was the most defining aspect of James Madison's Presidency? The War of 1812 In the War of 1812, how did Andrew Jackson make a name for himself? He won the Battle of New Orleans for America Who succeeded James Madison as President? James Monroe The Monroe years are often times known by what phrase? The Era of Good Feeling T/F - James Monroe was the last President of the Revolutionary Era TRUE How did the United States acquire Florida? Andrew Jackson accidentally conquered it Legally through the Adams-Onis Treaty What was the Missouri Compromise? Missouri gets accepted into the United States as a slave-state Maine gets accepted as a free state to balance it Slavery is not permitted above the 36'30" Parallel What is the Monroe Doctrine? You stay on your side of the Atlantic, we'll stay on ours Allowed Europe to keep their current colonies - if they lose them, cannot do anything about it They will support any country fighting for their independence on their side of the Atlantic

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