AS3700_Masonry Structures_Assessment 2 Cheat Sheet
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University of Technology Sydney *
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16265
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Mechanical Engineering
Date
Oct 30, 2023
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25
AS
3700:2018
SECTION
2
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
DESIGN
2.1
SCOPE
OF
SECTION
This
Section
sets
out
general
requirements
for
the
design
of
masonry.
Particular
requirements
for the
structural
design
of
unreinforced
masonry
are
set
out
in
Section
7.
for
reinforced
masonry
in
Section
8
and
for
prestressed
masonry
in
Section
9.
22
AIM
The aim
of
design
is
to
provide
a
structure
that
is
durable.
fire
resistant
and
serviceable.
and
has
adequate
strength
and
stability
while
serving
its
intended
function
and
satisfying
other
relevant
requirements
such
as
resistance
to
water
penetration.
robustness.
ease
of
construction
and
economy.
2.3
GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
2.3.1
Durability
A
masonry
member
or
structure
shall
withstand
the
expected
wear
and
deterioration
throughout
its
design
life.
taking
into
account
the
exposure
environment
and
importance
of
the
structure.
without
the
need
for
undue
maintenance.
2.3.2
Fire
resistance
A
masonry
member
or
structure
shall
have
fire
resistance
so
that
the
member
can
perform
its
structural
function
for
the
required
period
and.
if
necessary.
prevent
the
spread
of
fire.
2.3.3
Serviceability
A
masonry
member
or
structure
shall
remain
serviceable
and
fit
for
the
purpose
for
which
it
was
constructed.
throughout
its
design
life.
2.3.4
Strength
A
masonry
member
or
structure
shall
have
the
capacity
to
resist
the
design
loads.
2.3.5
Stability
A
masonry
member
or
structure
shall
be
designed
to
be
stable
throughout
its
design
life.
2.4
DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS
2.4.1
Design
for
durability
A
masonry
member
or
structure
designed
for
durability
in
accordance
with
Section
5
is
deemed
to
meet
the
requirements
of
Clause
2.3.1:
2.4.2
Design
for
fire
resistance
A
masonry
member
or
structure
designed
for
fire
resistance
in
accordance
with
Section
6
is
deemed
to
meet
the
requirements
of
Clause
2.3.2.
2.4.3
Design
for
serviceability
A
masonry
member
or
structure
designed
for
serviceability
as
set
out
in
Clauses
2.5.1
and
2.5.2
is
deemed
to
meet
the
requirements
of
Clause
2.3.3.
2.4.4
Design
for
strength
A
masonry
member
or
structure
designed
for
strength
as
set
out
in
Clauses
2.5.1
and
2.5.3
is
deemed
to
meet
the
requirements
of
Clause
2.3.4.
©
Standards
Australia
a1
AS
3700:2018
The
robustness
of
isolated
piers
of
geometric
section
may
be
checked
by
determining
an
equivalent
thickness
of
a
rectangular
section
from
first
principles
and
applying
the
provisions
of
this
Clause.
4.7
PREVENTION
OF
MOISTURE
PENETRATION
4.7.1
Cavities
In
cavity
walls
and
masonry
veneer
walls.
cavities
with
a
width
of
at
least
40
mm.
which
are
properly
detailed
and
constructed.
shall
be
regarded
as
being
resistant
to
the
passage
of
moisture
from
the
exposed
face
through
to
the
inner.
unexposed
face
of
the
wall.
Where
insulating
material
is
placed
in
a
cavity.
the
moisture
resistance
of
the
wall
shall
be
maintained.
4.7.2
Weepholes
Weepholes
shall
be
provided
to
drain
moisture
from
or
through
masonry
construction.
Where
flashings
are
incorporated
in
the
masonry.
weepholes
shall
be
provided
in
the
masonry
course
immediately
above
the
flashing.
at
centres
not
exceeding
1200
mm.
4.7.3
Damp-proof
courses
(DPCs)
and flashings
DPCs
or
flashings
shall be
incorporated
into
masonry
construction
to—
(a)
provide
a
barrier
to
the
upward
or
downward
passage
of
moisture
through
masonry:
(b)
prevent
moisture
from
entering
into
the
interior
of
a
building
from
the
exterior:
(c)
prevent
moisture
passing
across
a
cavity
to
the
inner
leaf:
and
(d)
shed
moisture
through
masonry
to
the
outer
face.
Bituminous
damp-proof
course
materials
without
metal
strips
shall not
be
used
where
the
superimposed
masonry
exceeds
either
two
storeys
or
8
m
in
height.
Sheet
material
used
as
a
DPC
shall
be
at
least
20
mm
wider
than
the
thickness
of
the
masonry
member
in
which
it
is
placed.
Overflashings
shall
be
designed
such
that
they
can
be
set
to
a
depth
of
at
least
15
mm
into
the
masonry.
NOTE:
Clause
12.4.16
gives
construetion
requirements
for
DPCs
and
flashings.
4.7.4
Single-leaf
and
solid
walls
Where
the
prevention
of
moisture
penetration
is
required.
external
single-leaf
walls
and
solid
walls
shall
be
protected
on
the
outside
face
by
a
suitable
weather-resistant
coating
(see
Notes
below).
Where
a
coating
is
to
be
applied
for
the
purpose
of
this
Clause.
all
mortar
joints
shall
be
tooled
and
be
free
of
cracks
and
holes.
or
the
surface
to
be
coated
shall
be
bagged
or
rendered.
The
following
weather-resistant
coating
systems
are
deemed
to
be
satisfactory:
(a)
Three
coats
of
100%
acrylic-based
exterior
quality
paint.
The
first
coat
shall
be
worked
thoroughly
into
the
texture
of
the
masonry
by
brush
to
ensure
complete
coverage
of
all
voids
and
irregularities
(see
Note
1).
(b)
A
first
coat
of
waterproof
cement
paint.
worked
into
the
surface
and
over-coated
with
two
coats
of
100%
acrylic-based
paint
(see
Note
1).
(c)
Where
the
masonry
texture
and
jointing
are
to
be
obscured.
rendering
with
a
proprietary
cement-based
high-build
waterproof
render.
followed
by
an
elastomeric
acrylic
polymer
coating.
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©
Standards
Australia
AS
3700:2018
16
4.9
MORTAR
JOINTS
4.9.1
Thickness
The
design
thickness
of
mortar
joints
shall
be
as
follows:
(a)
For
other
than
thin-bed
mortar.
including
bed
joints
and
perpends.
not
greater
than
10
mm.
unless
the
effects
of
greater
thickness
on
compressive
and
flexural
strength
are
taken
into
account
in
the
design.
(b)
For
thin-bed
mortar.
not
less
than
2
mm
and
not
greater
than
4
mm.
4.9.2
Finishing
With
the
exception
of
thin-bed
mortar,
the
surfaces
of
joints
exposed
to
aggressive
soils
and
those
in
exposure
environments
classed
as
marine.
severe
marine
and
special.
as
given
in
Table
5.1.
shall
be
tooled
to
give
a
dense.
water-shedding
finish.
For
walls
constructed
with
hollow
unit.
ungrouted
masonry
joints
shall
not
be
raked.
In
other
masonry.
the
depth
of
raking.
if
any.
shall
be
not
closer
than
5
mm
to
any
perforation
in
cored
unit
masonry
or
20
mm
in
hollow
unit
masonry.
4.10
WALL
TIES
Wall
ties
for
cavity
walls
and
masonry
veneer
walls
shall
be
as
follows:
(a)
Of
Type
A
and
a
duty
rating
appropriate
to
the
structural
requirements
of
the
masonry
(see
Clauses
7.6.2,
7.6.3
and
7.7.4).
(b)
Designed
to
transfer
the
design
loads.
(¢c)
Embedded
at
least
50
mm
into
the
mortar
joint
and.
where
applicable.
into
the
grout.
have
at
least
15
mm
cover
from
any
exposed
surface
of
the
joint
and
be
positively
attached
to
the
structural
backing
as
follows:
(i)
For
face-fixed
ties
in
masonry
veneer
more
than
3.0
m
above
the
ground.
by
screw
fixing.
(i1)
For
side-fixed
ties.
by
either
screw
or
nail
fixing.
NOTES:
1
AS
2699
(all
parts)
requires
the
manufacturer
to
supply
the
fasteners
with
the
ties.
2
Tests
have
shown
that
nail
fixing
for
face-fixed
ties
in
timber
veneer
construction
and
clip-on
ties
in
steel
stud
veneer
construction
do
not
provide
the
required
attachment
to
the
structural
backing
under
earthquake
loading.
3
Reduction
of
embedment
within
the
limits
of
wall
tolerance
(see
Table
12.1)
is
assumed
not
to
affect
performance.
(d)
Spaced
to
comply
with
the
following:
(i)
Not
greater
than
600
mm
in
each
direction.
(i)
Adjacent
to
horizontal
or
vertical
lateral
supports
and control
joints.
and
around
openings
in
the
masonry.
with
the
first
row
of
ties
located
within
300
mm
from
the
line
of
lateral
support.
the
control
joint
or
the
perimeter
of
opening.
‘When
a
masonry
veneer
connected
to
a
flexible
structural
backing
is
continuous
past
a
horizontal
floor
support.
this
edge
distance
applies
to
the
first
row
of
ties
immediately
above
and
below
the
line
of
the
floor.
Where
ties
are
required
to
be
designed
for
double
the
design
tie
force
(see
Clauses
7.6.2
and
7.7.4)
and
this
is
achieved
by
doubling
the
number
of
ties
in
the
row.
all
the
ties
in
the
row
are
required
to
satisfy
the
edge
distance
requirement.
NOTE:
A
row
of
ties
may
be
in
a
single
bed
joint
or
distributed
between
up
to
two
adjacent
bed
joints.
provided
both
bed
joints
are
within
300
mm
of
the
line
of the
floor
or
support.
©
Standards
Australia
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standards
org
au
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AS
3700:2018
52
SECTION
5
DESIGN
FOR
DURABILITY
5.1
SCOPE
OF
SECTION
This
Section
specifies
requirements
for the
design
of
masonry
for
durability.
NOTE:
The
performance
requirements
for
durability
are
set
out
in
Clause
2.3.1.
5.2
GENERAL
Masonry
materials,
accessories
and
built-in
items
shall
be
selected
and
combined
to
satisfy
the
durability
requirements
of
Clauses
5.5
to
5.9.
for
the
relevant
exposure
environment
in
accordance
with
Clause
5.3
and
the
location
in
accordance
with
Clause
5.4.
In
determining
the
exposure
environment
in
accordance
with
Clause
5.3,
the
most
severe
exposure
environment
shall
govern.
in
order
as
given
in
Clause
5.3.1
to
Clause
5.3.5.
NOTE:
For
example,
a
industrial
environment
within
a
marine
environment
will
be
classed
as
marine
and
an
industrial
environment
within
a
moderate
environment
will
be
classed
as
industrial.
Masonry
designed
in
accordance
with
this
Section
is
deemed
fo
meet
those
performance
requirements
(see
Clause
2.4.1).
5.3
EXPOSURE
ENVIRONMENTS
5.3.1
Severe
marine
Areas
up
to
100 m
from
a
non-surf
coast
and
up
to
1
km
from
a
surf
coast
shall
be
regarded
as
severe
marine
environments.
The
distances
specified
are
from
the
mean
high-water
mark.
5.3.2
Marine
Areas
from
100
m
up
to
1
km
from
a
non-surf
coast
and
from
1
km
up
to
10
km
from
a
surf
coast
shall
be
regarded
as
marine
environments.
The
distances
specified
are
from
the
mean
high-water
mark.
Sheltered
bays
such
as
Port
Phillip
Bay
and
Sydney
Harbour
are
considered
to
be
non-surf
coast.
5.3.3
Industrial
Industrial
environments
are
those
within
1
km
of
major
industrial
complexes
producing
significant
acidic
pollution.
NOTE:
There
are
only
a
few
such
regions
in
Australia:
for
example.
around
Port
Pirie.
5.3.4
Moderate
Moderate
environments
are
those
with
light
industrial
pollution
or
very
light
marine
influence,
or
both.
They
include
built-up
areas
within
50
km
of
the
coast
and
more
than
1
km
from
a
non-surf
coast
and
more
than
10
km
from
a
surf
coast.
including
suburban
areas
of
cities
such
as
Melbourne.
Adelaide
and
Hobart.
many
areas
of
Sydney.
Perth
and
Brisbane.
and
many
inland
cities.
5.3.5
Mild
5.3.5.1
General
Environments
more
than
50
km
from
the
coast
and
not
classed
as
industrial
shall
be
regarded
as
mild
environments
and
subdivided
in
accordance
with
Clause
5.3.5.2
to
Clause
5.3.5.3.
5.3.5.2
Mild-tropical
Environments
more
than
50
km
from
the
coast
and
falling
within
the
tropical
climatic
zone
shown
in
Figure
5.1
shall
be
regarded
as
mild-tropical
environments.
©
Standards
Australia
www_standards.org.au
53
AS
3700:2018
5.3.5.3
Mild-temperate
Environments
more
than
50
km
from
the
coast
and
falling
within
the
temperate
climatic
zone
shown
in
Figure
5.1
shall
be
regarded
as
mild-temperate
environments.
5.3.5.4
Mild-arid
Environments
more
than
50
km
from
the
coast
and
falling
within
the
arid
climatic
zone
shown
in
Figure
5.1
shall
be
regarded
as
mild-arid
environments.
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FIGURE
5.1
CLIMATIC
ZONES
FOR
MILD
ENVIRONMENT
5.4
LOCATIONS
5.4.1
Exterior
The
following
shall
be
regarded
as
being
in
exterior
locations:
(a)
The
exposed
leaf
of an
external
cavity
wall
or
masonry
veneer
wall.
(b)
The
cavity
space
in
an
external
cavity
wall
or
veneer
wall.
(c)
Wall
ties
in
an
external
cavity
wall
or
veneer
wall.
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©
Standards
Australia
55
AS
3700:2018
TABLE
5.1
DURABILITY
REQUIREMENTS
1
2
3
4
5
6
Salt
attack
Reinforcement
resistance
cover
Exposure
Location
grade
of
Mortar
class
class
of
(see
environment
masonry
built-in
ot
Clause
5.9.2)
units
components
mm
(see
Note
7)
Clay
units
M2
R1
5
Normal
|Protected
|
Conerete
or
calcium
-
”
M3
Rl
5
silicate units
_
Subject
tonon-
|
Interior
|
saline
wetting
‘“‘O‘;
M3
R3
15
and
drying
purp
Subject
to
saline
wetting
and
Exposure
M4
R4
25
drying
i
2
5
Auy
Clay
units
M
Rl
»
AboveaDPC
|Protected
|
Conerete
o
caleium
|+
N
R
Exterior-
silicate
units
'
coated
(see
Note
1)
Clay
units
M2
R2
15
BelowaDPC
|
Protected
.
Conerete
or
caleium
M3
R2
15
silicate
units
Belowa
|Non-aggressive
|General
M3
Rs
s
DPC
orin
|soils
purpose
contact
B
B
withthe
|
Aggressivesoils
{p
M4
R4
2
ground
(see
Note
2)
Clay
units
M2
Rl
5
Mild-arid
|Exterior
Protected
B
C_gncrere
or
caleium
M3
RI
5
silicate
units.
Clay
units
M2
Rl
5
Mild-
Exteri
»
"
temperate
xterior
rotectes
Conerete
or
caleium
|
/o
i
5
silicate
units.
-
Clay
units
M2
R2
15
Mild-tropical
|
Exterior
Protected
i
C_u_ncme
or
caleium
M3
R2
15
silicate
units
Clay
units
M2
Rl
5
Moderate
Exterior
Protected
i
C_o_nuete
or
caleium
M3
RI
5
silicate
units.
Industrial
|
Exterior
Exposure
M4
R4
25
Marine
.
General
(see
Note
3)
|
Exterior
purpose
M3
RS
B
Severe
‘marine
Exterior
Exposure
M4
R4
25
(see
Note
4)
Special
.
5
(see
Note
)
|Exterior
(See
Note
5)
(See
Note
5)
RS
(See
Note
5)
www_standards.org.au
©
Standards
Australia
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125
AS
3700:2018
11.4.5
Mortar
for
reinforced
or
prestressed
masonry
The
mortar
used
in
masonry
that
is
to
be
reinforced
or
prestressed
shall
be
of
class
M3
or
M4.
TABLE
11.1
DEEMED-TO-CONFORM
MORTAR
COMPOSITIONS
Mix proportions
by
volume
Units
for
which
mortar
is
suitable
Mortar
.
Water
.
"
class
|
Cement
|
Masonry
|Building
|
([
2
bo
|
Fired
|
|
Caleium
|
(GB/GP)
|
cement
|
lime
s
clay
silicate
(see
Note
3)
M1
0
0
1
3
No
v
x
x
x
(see
1
0
3
12
No
v
x
x
x
Note
4)
M2
1
0
2
9
No
v
x
x
x
M3
1
0
1
6
Optional
v
v
x
x
1
0
0
5
Yes
v
v
v
x
0
1
0
4
Yes
v
v
x
x
M3
Thin-bed
mortar
for
use
with
AAC
(see
Clause
11.4.1)
M4
1
0
0.5
4.5
Optional
v
v
x
x
1
0
0
4
Yes
v
v
v
x
1
0
01t00.25
3
Optional
v
v
x
x
0
1
0
3
Yes
v
x
x
x
v
satisfactory
x
unsatisfactory
NOTES:
1
Mortar
mixes
are
designated
by
the
proportions
of
their
ingredients
following
an
initial
letter,
the
chief
cementing
agent
being
given
as
unity
(..
C
1:L
0.5:S
4.5
or
L
1:$3).
Volumes
refer
to
materials
in
the
dense-packed
condition.
3
The
water
thickener
referred
to
in
this
Table
is
cellulose
based.
The
particular
cellulose-based
product
used
shall be
suitable
for
this
application,
and
used
in
accordance
with
the
manufacturer’s
or
supplier’s
instructions.
4
Refer
to
Clause
11.4.1
for
restriction
on
the
use
of
Class
M1
mortar.
TABLE
11.2
CRITERIA
FOR
MORTAR
DURABILITY
Mortar
class
Scratch
index
M2
0.5
M3
0.3
M4
0.1
11.5
WALL
TIES,
CONNECTORS,
ACCESSORIES
AND
LINTELS
11.5.1
Wall
ties
Wall
ties
shall
comply
with
AS/NZS
2699.1.
11.5.2
Connectors
and
accessories
Connectors
and
accessories.
including.
but
not
limited
to.
masonry
anchors.
connectors.
ties
(other
than
wall
ties).
bed
joint
mesh.
bolts
and
fixings.
shall
be
in
accordance
with
AS/NZS
2699.2.
www
standards
org
au
©
Standards
Australia
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