Understanding Open Source Software and Linux Systems Basics

The Linux kernel was developed as part of the GNU’s Not Unix (GNU) project. False Which of the following are open source software licenses? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Apache, BSD, GPL, MIT Open source software is, by definition, available free of charge. False Which of the following are examples of embedded computing devices? Televisions, Automobile computers The Creative Commons is a software industry group opposed to the goals of the FSF. False Which of the following is not a way companies can legally make money using GPLed software? Incorporating GPLed software into a proprietary program that the company sells Which of the following are the common categories of Linux systems? Server, Embedded, Desktop A crowdfunding open source business model, called (a) _______, is where users offer money as a reward for new software or new features in existing software. Bounty Which of the following programs is likely to be installed and regularly used on a desktop computer that runs Linux? Evolution

Which of the following is a characteristic of all open source software? Users are permitted to redistribute altered versions of the original software. An OS developed in 1969, and on which Linux is largely modeled, is _______. Unix Early in Linux’s history, Linux kernel grew in large part because of the availability of the GNU project. True Which of the following is a characteristic of all open source software? Users are permitted to redistribute altered versions of the original software. Which of the following terms best characterizes the Linux? Open source The term copyleft is a slang term that refers to liberal licensing terms, such as those used by free software. True A(n) ______ or workstation computer is typically used by one or a small number of people to perform everyday productivity tasks, such as computing values with a spreadsheet or browsing the Web. desktop Which of the following programs is likely to be installed and regularly used on a desktop computer that runs Linux? Evolution Which of the following are software suites that allow you to set up a private cloud using Linux? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply. This type of question contains radio buttons and checkboxes for selection of options. Use Tab for navigation and Enter or space to select the option. ownCloud, Nextcloud

Ava is interested in using a distributed database method for authorizing users to access resources located on multiple network servers. Which authentication method will she use to accomplish the given task? LDAP Which of the common desktop system is conceived of and created to provide a more open-source and unencumbered version of a Linux desktop? GNOME A _______ is a collection of software routines that can be used by other software. Licensing terms for this type of software are important for programmers who use the software. This type of question contains radio buttons and checkboxes for selection of o Library Which of the following programs are Linux file managers? Dolphin, Thunar Which of the following is a common server program? Samba KDE Plasma is built atop the Qt widget set. True Which of the following are risks that you take when you browse the web as an ordinary user on a properly-configured Linux system? A website with malicious dynamic content could steal your data files. A virus intended for Windows, when delivered via a website to a Linux system, will damage your video card. Where did the Linux kernel originate? The University of Helsinki

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Which of the following is a Linux distribution that provides a free and community-supported computing platform functionally that is compatible with its upstream source, Red Hat Enterprise Linux? CentOS Which of the following office suites are most closely related to one another? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply. This type of question contains radio buttons and checkboxes for selection of options. Use Tab for navigation and Enter or space to select the option. A option LibreOffice, Apache OpenOffice If you are configuring your system to query a higher-level server for the correct date and time, which of the following protocols are you most likely using? This type of question contains radio buttons and checkboxes for selection of options. Use Tab for navigation and Enter or space to select the option. option A NTP An attempt to acquire sensitive data directly from victims by posing as a trusted website or authority is known as _______. Phishing You can modify graphics files from the command line interface using Linux. True A laptop computer running Linux and a server computer running Linux are likely to share some common programs. This type of question contains radio buttons and checkboxes for selection of options. Use Tab for navigation and Enter or space to select the option. option A False option B True If you want to enable one Linux computer to access files stored on another Linux computer’s hard disk, which of the following network protocols is the best choice? NFS

Question : Which is a type of software that's distributed for free but that requires payment on the honor system if a person uses? Shareware The programming language that provides a direct one-to-one correspondence between human- understandable symbols and machine-understandable numbers is the ________ language. Assembly James needs to use a server application to store data in records and allow for sorting, ordering, and retrieval of those records. Which of the following best describes this server application? Database xinetd is a super server. True Which package do you need to install to allow your Linux server to provide IP addresses to clients on your local network? DHCPd Which of the following commands should you use to query the listing of files that will be installed by a package? rpm -qlp package1.rpm All Linux Web browsers are GUI programs. False Your server needs to provide a shared filesystem for use by Windows clients. Which of the following will allow this with the least need for additional software on the clients? SMB

You can start a shell in a GUI window called a terminal program or you can log into the computer locally via a _________ console. text-mode The default shell in most Linux distributions is the Bourne Again Shell (Bash), which is based on an older shell called the ___________ shell. Bourne While running a command that will take a long to finish, you need to suspend the command which causes it to process further in the background, without quitting or restarting the command. Which command will you use? Bg What is the purpose of using the who command? Displays which users are currently on a system What is the purpose of using the who command? Displays which users are currently on a system Which of the following commands is equivalent to typing the apropos keyword command? man -k keyword Which of the following is a tool for real-time text-mode communication among small groups of people? IRC Which pager program is used for displaying man pages? Less Which of the following programming languages is often implemented as a compiled language? C++

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The ________ command searches a database of filenames for the name or name fragment that you specify. Locate To search all man pages’ Name sections for the keyword less, you would type _________ less. Whatis Pressing the up arrow key in Bash reveals commands you’ve recently typed. True Modern package management schemes depend on sets of software in local or remotely-accessible locations that are used to provide the packages, updates, and security fixes that affect a given set of packages. Which of the following describes these sets of software? Repository Which of the following is a typical directory location for program documentation? /usr/share/doc/ To run a GUI program in Linux, you must launch it from a desktop environment’s menus only. False Which of the following commands display information about the CPU that your Linux system is running on? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply. lscpu, uname -a Which of the following does not describe the less pager utility? You can press the X key to exit from the utility. Which of the following protocols does a mail server use to send email messages to remote mail servers? SMTP

On which of the following CPU types does Linux run? x86, ARM, x86-64 The /proc/______ pseudo-file holds data on your CPU, such as its model name and clock speed. Cpuinfo Which pager program is used for displaying man pages? Less Which of the following commands allow you to search the manual (man) pages for the keyword copy? apropos copy, whatis copy Which filename extension do UEFI bootloader files use in Linux? Efi You can configure your power supply by accessing the /dev/power device file. False The _____ firmware method has replaced BIOS on most modern IBM-compatible computers. UEFI Which of the following text-mode commands are helpful in identifying CPU information? uname -a, lscpu, cat /proc/cpuinfo Which X software package is designed to be a more streamlined and easier to use replacement for the X Window System? Wayland

Which of the following tools are command-line tools for creating and modifying partitions? Fdisk, parted, gdisk Multiple users of a shared directory are reporting problems for accessing each other's files. The directory has a common group between the users set, but a quick inspection shows different group ownerships on the user's files. What setting needs to be set for proper sharing to occur? SGID Which symbol should you place after a command to run the program in the background? & You can type Xorg ________, as root, to create the X configuration files that you can then modify. -configure The ____________ command searches a limited set of directories for a designated file. Whereis Partitioning a disk can enable you to install multiple OSes on one computer. True ISO-9660 is intended to replace UDF. False The _____ library provides drivers to control scanners. SANE Which type of files are stored in the /usr folder or directory? Noncritical system program and data files

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Which of the following is an inappropriate choice for a filesystem to hold the majority of a Linux installation? HFS Which of the following devices is not commonly attached via a USB interface? Video monitor With most distributions, USB flash drives and other removable media appear in subdirectories of /media. True You want to copy a directory named MyFiles to a USB flash drive that uses the FAT filesystem. The contents of MyFiles are as follows: $ ls MyFiles/ contract.odt outline.pdf Outline.PDF The USB flash drive is mounted at /media/usb and so you type cp -a MyFiles/ /media/usb. What problem will occur when you attempt to copy these files? One file will be missing on the USB flash drive. Applications that are critical and that normal users would run are normally stored in the __________ directory. /bin Where do most drivers exist on a Linux system? In the Linux kernel Which of the following commands changes the current directory in which you are working? Cd Which of the following standards is a modern digital video interface that’s commonly used in monitors? HDMI

How can you browse to a new node using the standard info documentation reader? selecting a link using the arrow keys and then pressing the Enter key Which command will you use to make the myfile.txt file as a hidden file? mv myfile.txt .myfile.txt You are looking at a directory that you have not viewed in a long time and need to determine which files are actually directories. Which command is the best one to use? ls -F Robert needs to delete any empty subdirectories as well as files in a directory. He wants a permission prompt to be displayed before deleting each file and received detailed information as the command executes. Which command and option combination should Robert use? rm -ivd name You've typed rmdir junk to delete the junk directory but this command has failed because junk contains word processing files. Which of the following commands will work to accomplish the task? rm -r junk Which process creates file copies to use as protection against file corruption or loss? Archive The character ________ identifies a symbolic link in the 10-character symbolic permission string that’s associated with a file. L You want to copy the contents of the ~/important directory, including all its subdirectories, to /media/usb. Which command can you type to accomplish this goal? cp -R ~/important /media/usb

You want to copy a set of files but be prompted before cp overwrites any existing files. You would use the _________ option of cp to accomplish this goal. --interactive You can delete any file on the computer by using rm as an ordinary user. False If you type touch afile.txt in a directory that contains no files, what will be the effect? A new empty file called afile.txt will be created in the current directory. The term _________ refers to the use of wildcards in filename specifications. Globbing Which of the following are considered characters that can be used for regular expression matching rules? ., *, [] To copy a directory with the cp command, which option do you need to use? -R A caret (^) represents the start of a line in regular expressions. True Typing ls *.* at a Bash prompt is guaranteed to show you all the files in the current directory. False You want to create a directory called ~/Documents/papers, but you’re not sure that the ~/Documents directory exists. Which command can you type to create the desired directory and its parent directory if it doesn’t already exist? mkdir -p ~/Documents/papers

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Which regular expression string matches any sequence of characters of any length? .* Adrian needs to search through a large text file and find any record that contains either Luke or Laura at the record’s beginning. Also, the phrase Father is must be located somewhere in the record’s middle. Which of the following is an ERE pattern that should be used with the egrep command to find this record? "(^Luke|^Laura).*Father is.*" To display the last twenty lines of the text file, afile.txt, you will type tail afile.txt. False Which wildcard character matches any character or set of characters? * You can use the ______ command to count the characters, words, and lines in a text file. Wc Which of the following commands displays the name of the directory in which you’re working? Pwd You use the ________ character to separate two strings, either of which should match, in an extended regular expression. | Which of the following redirection operators appends a program's standard output to an existing file without overwriting that file's original contents? >>

Which of the following operators redirects the output from one command to another command? | To append a program’s standard error to an existing file without deleting its contents, you should use the ____ redirection operator. 2>> Emma, a server administrator, has left the company, and now you are in charge of her system. Her old user account directory tree, /home/Zoe/ has been backed up. Which command is the best one to use to quickly remove her files, ensuring that you delete correct files? rm -rI /home/Zoe Which options of the find command can you use to locate files owned by a particular user? -uid, -user The gzip program generally produces more compact compressed files than the bzip2 program does. False The file descriptors that are used in concert with piping, redirecting, and displaying output are known by which of the following numbers? 0, 1, 2 Which command will create a zip file containing the files, holiday.tif and desc.txt, and compress it as much as possible? zip -9 trip.zip holiday.tif desc.txt Which of the following commands provides a low-level way to install software on a Debian system? Dpkg Both RPM and Debian packages can specify that they require other packages. The package system will then refuse to install the package unless these dependencies are met or you provide an override option. True

Which of the following distributions use RPMs for package management? CentOS, openSUSE Slackware is unusual because it uses ________ as its package file format. Tarball Which of the following legal areas governs general ideas, independent of their specific implementation? Patent Core Unix tools include which of the following? X Window system, GNU tool set Specialized computing devices, such as DVRs, cell phones, and network appliances, use _________ OSes. Embedded Which of the following organizations bases its philosophy on software licensing on a strong moral imperative that users should be able to modify their software? FSF A _______ computer runs network-accessible software that responds to incoming requests from other computers. Server _______ source software, such as Linux, gives a user greater control than proprietary software does, such as Windows. Open Due to Cocoa, GUI applications developed for OS X typically cannot be run directly on Linux. True

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The ls command displays the names of files in a directory. True A _____ _____ grants an organization a right to install software on more than one computer. site license Which Linux distribution are you most likely to find in use on a cell phone? Android The FSF uses the term _____ _____ to refer to software that’s licensed under terms that satisfy its philosophy concerning software licensing. free software You have run a command that will replace targeted files with a file named the same as the original along with a particular suffix that identifies the command used. Which of the following commands will accomplish this? Gzip, bzip2 The first process to be run by the Linux kernel is normally called _______. Init Which of the following commands will you use to see if the MySQL database server is currently running on your system? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Ps, top Which tar option is used to compress the archive into a tarball using xz compression? -J The process that launches a new process is known as the ________ process. Parent

You're using Bash, and you type emacs to launch the emacs editor. In this case, emacs is Bash's ________ process. Child Which of the following commands should you use to package an application source code so that it can be extracted in any Linux distribution? Tar The gzip program generally produces more compact compressed files than the bzip2 program does. False An Internet site that hosts software that you can install with yum, APT, or a similar tool is known as a __________. Repository Which command gives the following information? $ free total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 7914888 7734456 180432 0 190656 3244720 -/+ buffers/cache: 4299080 3615808 Swap: 6291452 1030736 5260716 Free Which command-line command displays overall memory usage on your Linux system? Free The ps program enables you to view the process table. True Which of the following are text editors that you can use at the command line on a text-based tty terminal? Nano, vi, emacs

Logan noticed that his Linux system is running slow and needs to find out what application is causing the problem. Which tool should he use to show the current CPU utilization of all the processes running on his system? Top Which of the following utilities change text within a file? Vim, nano Where does the kernel store its ring buffer logs? In memory Which of the following programs are text-mode commands to identify running processes? Ps, top Which of the following are the most popular utilities that are used as the first process that the Linux kernel runs, aside from itself? System, init After booting, what command should you use to look for any errors that occurred during the boot process? Dmesg ASCII is limited to 72 characters, one for each uppercase letter, lowercase letter, digits, and ten punctuation symbols. False Which of the following programs produces a summary of the memory status of your computer, including the total memory available, the amount used, and the amount that’s unused? Free

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Which of the following text editors not only runs as a text-mode program when launched in text mode but also provides a GUI version for use in a GUI environment? Emacs The process that launches a new process is known as the ________ process. Parent A text encoding method that can use single or multiple-byte encodings to store text using most human alphabets is known as _________. Unicode What keystroke deletes a line of text when using nano? Ctrl+K In nano, you can paste text that you’ve cut or copied earlier by pressing Ctrl+____. U Which of the following is used to save a file and exit the vi text editor in command mode? ZZ The nano editor is modeled after the emacs editor but omits many of the emacs editor’s advanced features. True The stuff.txt file does not exist. You type nano stuff.txt and press Enter. What happens next? The nano text editor starts and displays the message; New File in the status bar. Which command can you use to retrieve user inputs into a variable in a Bash script? Read

Which keystroke creates a new blank line immediately below the current one, when typed in vi command mode? O You’re working in the vi editor and, after having saved your current file, you want to load a new one. You can do so by typing ____ newfile.txt from command mode. :e You can use common external commands, such as find and sed in your Bash scripts. True You can record the output of a command in a variable by enclosing the command in backticks, as in myout=`whoami`. True If you are on a terminal that doesn't recognize your arrow keys and have to use hjkl for cursor navigation, which of the following editors will be used for compatibility? Vim The /var/log/messages file always holds general-purpose log entries. False The first line of a shell script is #!/bin/bash. What does this mean? The script requires the Bash shell to run. Describe the effect of the given short script, if it's called cp1 big.c big.cc: It copies the contents of big.cc to big.c, eliminating the old big.c.

You’re writing a script that will be called by other scripts. You want to signal abnormal termination of your script by passing a value of 8 to the external script under some circumstances. Which command should you use in your own script to do this? Exit 8 The _____ loop executes as long as its condition is true. While All Bash scripts must contain functions. False The string _______, located at the start of the file, identifies a script as a Bash script. #!/bin/bash To save a text file in vi, you should press Ctrl+S. False Which variable will you use to view the exit status of a script after it completes? $? When assigning a value to a variable in a Bash script, you separate the variable from its value with the ____ character. = Which Bash scripting keyword terminates a case statement? Esac Which of the following files holds user account passwords on a modern Linux distribution? /etc/shadow

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Which of the following information on user accounts is not normally stored in the /etc/passwd file on modern Linux distributions? The account's password The lowest UID number used for user accounts on Linux systems is typically 500 or 1000 (depending upon the distribution). True To save a text file in vi, you should press Ctrl+S. False What types of information does the id command provide to you? Your username, All your group memberships, Your current group, Your UID number The who command reveals the remote computer from which users have logged in remotely. True The who command reveals the remote computer from which users have logged in remotely. Sudo cat /ect/shadow You’re writing a script that should accept two arguments, a username and a year, specified in that order on the command line interface. Which variable will you use to access the year argument? $2 Which of the following methods or commands provide access to super user privileges for authorized users? Su, sudo, root The _______ character separates fields on each line of the /etc/passwd file. :

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W hat are the types of user accounts in Linux? Service, standard, root When you create a new account with the useradd command and you did not set a password with an option, then the account will be locked. Which command should you use with super user privileges to unlock it? passwd username The last command, by default, pulls its data from what file? /var/log/wtmp Which of the following files defines Linux groups? /ect/group Benjamin was assigned the task of creating a new group on the company Linux server and now needs to assign permissions for that group to files and directories. Which of the following commands should he use to change the group assigned to these files and directories? Chown, chgrp You want to create an account for a new user, using the username thor and giving the user a UID of 2019. The command to do this is useradd _______. -u 2019 thor Which of the following commands will you use to change the primary group assigned to a file or directory? Chown, chgrp A user account's information is linked between the /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files via the account's UID. False

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Which of the following three-character symbolic strings represents read and execute permissions but no write permission? r-w Distributions may not allow the root account to be directly logged into, and instead, demand the use of the _____ command to obtain super user privileges and maintain a nonrepudiation environment. Sudo When attempting to access a shared directory owned by another user, Mark reports that he can see the directory, but cannot enter into the directory. Which of the following permissions will prevent him from entering into the directory properly? Execute UIDs above 0 and below 500 or 1,000 (depending on the distribution) are reserved for use by the _______ account. System Typing ls -ld wonderjaye reveals symbolic file mode of drwxr-xr-x. Which of the following are true? wonderjaye is a directory, wonderjaye may be read by all users of the system You can type the su ______ command to issue a single command with root privileges. -c What should a Linux system administrator type to remove the nemo account and its home directory? Userdel -r nemo Which field contains the same data for both the /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow file records? User account’s username

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Which of the following commands is used to change the ownership and primary group assigned to a file or directory? Chown If you delete /tmp or /var/tmp and need to re-create it, what will you do to accomplish this? Set the stickey bit on your new directory. Which of the following keywords identify DNS resolution features in the /etc/resolv.conf file? Search, domain, nameserver After setting up a local name resolution server and removing all static name resolution entries from the server, which file should you alter to properly configure the name resolution order? /ect/nsswitch.conf Which command displays the IP address and netmask values for a network interface? Ifconfig If your Linux server doesn't have a graphical desktop installed, which of the following commands will you use to configure network settings from the command-line? Ip, nmcli Which commands set the IP address, subnet mask, and default router information on an interface using the command-line tool? Ip, nmtui Which of the following options sets the wireless access point name in the iwconfig command? Essid Which of the following commands displays socket statistics for all network connections on the Linux system? Ss

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Which of the following commands displays duplex settings for an Ethernet card? Ethool Which of the following tools is used to automatically assign an IP address to a client? DHCP Which of the following network settings does the ip command set? Default router, subnet mask, ip address Which of the following commands allows you to send ICMP messages to a remote host to test network connectivity? Ping Which device setting defines a host that maps a host name to an IP address? DNS server Which of the following are the functions of the Linux kernel? Enabling programs to use the network, controlling access to hard disks, allocationg PCU time to individual programs, allocationg memory to individual programs. Which graphical interfaces does Linux support? KDE Plasma, Gnome, Cinnamon Which of the following is a key part of the FSF’s philosophy? Users must have the right to use the software as they see fit. Which of the following statements are correct regarding FSF? Freedom to redistribute the software, Freedom to examine the source code and modify it as users see fit, Freedom to redistribute the modified software.

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