Lab 8- Applied Biomechanics
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Dec 6, 2023
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APA 2315 Lab 8 - Applied Biomechanics **Athletic attire is required for this laboratory** Jeremiah zephir 300130890
Objectives: 1.
Apply knowledge of qualitative biomechanical analysis 2.
Observe and correct sport-specific skills 3.
Gain knowledge and skills using Kinovea and/or OnForm Introduction: The study of movements independent of the forces that produce them is called kinematics. A variety of high-tech and low-tech motion capture systems have been developed which measure, quantify and record movements in two- and three-dimensions. These motion capture systems permit many different variables to be collected while also providing a visual recording of the movement that has taken place. The various system options exist due to the broad application of biomechanics; for example, the tools used for applied research in rehabilitation often need to be more precise than tools used on the field by a coach. There is often a trade-off given to quick and user-friendly motion capture/analysis over precision of the measures taken. One such tool is motion analysis software such as Kinovea and OnForm. Along with being free of charge, these software programs are simple and easy tools to use in a variety of sports settings. Because most sports and sport movements take place at rapid speeds, it is often useful to record these movements to be able to replay the events as well as slow down the video to still images in order to better comprehend what has happened. Angles, distances, direction, alignments and timing are just a few of the components that we are able to look at using motion analysis software. Since athletes, students, physical educators and coaches learn and teach in many ways, integrating such tools as Kinovea or OnForm to everyday tasks could help improve performance and technique and correct common mistakes. Additionally, smartphones, cameras and computers are often readily available, making the use of such technology easy to integrate to everyday teaching and coaching. In this lab, you will study applied biomechanics as it relates to various domains including physical education, coaching, and strength and conditioning. The objective is to integrate biomechanical feedback using basic yet powerful tools and equipment to improve and correct diverse movements. Working in two groups of 6-
7 students, you will analyze two skills. During at least one of these skill evaluations, you must incorporate the use of Kinovea or OnForm. There is no set procedure for the Kinovea or OnForm analysis you will be doing: therefore, there is not just one correct way to complete your analysis. Be sure to take a screenshot of your athlete in Kinovea or OnForm, initially and after your final coaching points. This will need to be handed in along with the questions you answer in this lab. For your screenshot, choose only the camera angle that is best for the analysis. There are two parts to this lab. One group will start with Part A while the other group starts with Part B. Half-way through the lab session you will switch parts. The focus of Part A is the application of biomechanics in the domains of physical education
and coaching
. Groups will observe and correct the sprint start position of a classmate in the starting blocks. The focus of Part B is the application of biomechanics to strength and conditioning
. Here, groups will provide a qualitative analysis of the pus
h jerk movement using Knudson’s nine principles of biomechanics. During this analysis, you will also identify the critical features of the task, as well as the common teaching and coaching points for feedback and correction.
APA 2315- Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement University of Ottawa 2 PART A –
PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND COACHING Sprint start analysis
The position adopted by sprinters before the start signal is very important as it dictates how much power they will be able to generate coming out of the blocks and during the first portion of their race. Because sprinting events last only a few seconds, especially in the 100 m event at the Olympics, being able to generate as much power as possible during these first few seconds of the race could be the edge needed to win the race. The task you will be analyzing is the ‘
set’
position of the athlete: this is a static position you will be analyzing using Kinovea or OnForm. As physical educators or coaches, you may be asked to teach this position to novice sprint athletes in your classroom or to coach a track and field team as they prepare for their next meet. Understanding the correct positioning as well as how to analyze and improve positioning is important to being a successful educator and coach. The England Athletics Association has offered the following guidelines to the biomechanics of the sprint start: ‘The aim, when starting from the blocks, is the development of maximum horizontal velocity achieved by placing the body in the best biomechanical position in order to apply force and develop impulse (Impulse = Force x time). There are three types of sprint starts, established by the distance between the two blocks: 1) bullet (˂30cm), 2) medium (30
-
50cm) and 3) elongated (˃50cm). However, the medium distance is said to be the best combination to develop both force and time on the blocks. When first positioning into the starting blocks, according to the athletes flexibility and ability, the front block should be at ˃45° and the rear block should be at a 35° angle. The positioning of the feet and ankle will depend on the positioning of the blocks. In the ‘set’ position, shoulders should be overs hands and elbows should not be locked. Hips should be aligned above the shoulders. The athlete should adopt a flat back with a neutral head position. The front knee should have an angle of 90-110° and the rear knee should have an angle of 120-135°. The body weight should be evenly distributed between the arms and legs. Once the gun has fired, the athlete should focus on the motor task at hand. Hips should be projecting forward. Arms should be above parallel: the front arm should lead from the forearm and the rear arm should sweep straight back. This phase of the sprint is termed the drive phase as is outlined in the figure below. When determining the best start position for your athlete you should keep several factors in mind. First, you should aim to fit the biomechanical model outlined above. Next, you should time their 10 m sprint to ensure this position is best suited to your athlete. Lastly, as your athlete changes in height, morphology, strength, changes should be made in order to ensure the best fit for your athlete.’
APA 2315- Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement University of Ottawa 3 Figure 1. Example of set position. *From the England Athletics: Biomechanics of Sprinting. Procedure: Choose one person who will be the athlete. This person will take the ‘
set’
position during a sprint start. The remaining members of the group will analyze the positioning and offer corrections based on the information above. Be sure to work with the abilities of your athlete when offering advice on how to improve their positioning. *It is very important that the starting blocks remain on the wooden platform as they have spikes beneath them. Information for your analysis: •
Set-up a smartphone such that you have a sagittal view of your athlete. •
Set-up another smartphone such that you have a frontal view of your athlete. •
Ensure the cameras are steady (the camera operator may need to lean against the wall or have the camera supported) •
Using both smartphones, take a photo of your athlete in the sprint start position. This will need to be done several times: initially (without offering comments or feedback) and as you offer coaching and corrections. •
Offer corrections and feedback until you believe the athlete has achieved their best personal technique (this may vary according to experience, flexibility, etc.). •
Ensure your team uses the tools available to offer the best coaching to your athlete. o
Measurements may be taken on the image file in the Kinovea or OnForm software or on the participant using the goniometers, inclinometers and tape measures that are available in the lab. o
Remember that motion analysis software offers many tools: gridlines for your background, angle calculator, straight lines, etc. Questions for Part A: 1.
For each element below, describe the initial position of your athlete and state which modifications were needed to improve it. (14 marks)
Hand placement: -
Both hands evenly spread at slightly wider than width apart
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APA 2315- Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement University of Ottawa 4 -
Fingers in a high bridge stance Shoulder and wrist alignment: -
Arms are straight, elbows are not fully locked, just secured -
Shoulders are rotated forward –
-
Shoulders are lined up behind hands Head alignment: -
Head down -
Neck relaxed, not tense Position of back: -
Glutes facing upwards -
Declined position Right leg, knee, and foot placement: -
90 degree bend -
Feet are flat on the starting blocks Left leg, knee, and foot placement: -
120 degrees -
Feet are flat on the starting blocks 2.
Was your athlete able to correct their start sprint position to attain ideal positioning? What helped your athlete the most (i.e. verbal corrections, visual aid via Kinovea or OnForm, demonstrations, etc.)? (3 marks)
Yes, we were able to correct a few stances for proper form. Verbal corrections: critiques on the spot were made, visibly were capable to fully correct placement as we can see any imbalances. Visual aids: on form/kinovea demonstrates accurate data such as joint angles and visual feedback from the videos. Demonstrations: user was able to see others to physically and visually to compare and improve on placements. Before moving on to the next part of the lab, have everyone in the group try out the set position and offer constructive feedback on their technique. As coaches, it is important to not only understand and have the knowledge behind a movement, but it is also important to have a certain kinesthetic sense for the movement: this may help to better relate to the athlete and make for a better coach. PART B –
STRENGTH & CONDITIONING
Push jerk technique Weight lifting is an intense activity that involves a constant increase in load and/or number of repetitions; thus, proper technique is crucial to preventing injury. As key individuals in the training of athletes, it is important
APA 2315- Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement University of Ottawa 5 to understand proper and efficient technique, as well as how to recognize and describe various movements in order to provide appropriate corrections and feedback to athletes. Instilling proper technique will likely translate to lifting higher loads while reducing the risk of injury. Procedure: Watch the following on the Push Jerk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-hKuAfWNUw *If you are not familiar with the Push Jerk, you may want to go watch a few other YouTube videos of the movement. **This is the Push Jerk as taught by Crossfit®. Based on the above video, fill out the following chart and include possible common error(s) for each component of the movement. (14 marks)
Skill component Proper technique Common error(s) 1.
Gaze 2.
Grip 3.
Elbows, arms and shoulders 4.
Abdominals & trunk -
Looking directly forwards -
Even grip among both hands -
Hands are pronated and placed slightly wider than shoulder width -
Arms are slightly wider than shoulder width -
Elbows are tucked in close and are slightly ahead of the bar pointing downwards -
After pushing the bare over the head elbows are extended but not locked -
Core is engaged with fully alligned posture -
Hips are in-line with shoulders -
Looking up/down -
Grip can be too close together and or far apart -
Or grip isn’t perfectly even -
Elbows facing forwards -
Rotated outwards laterally -
Using arms/upper body to drive the bar -
Core isnt engaged enough -
Incorrect postrure/extended back can cause injures -
Hips pushed backwards
APA 2315- Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement University of Ottawa 6 5.
Leg position & movement 6.
Foot placement (stance) 7.
Trajectory of bar -
Power is driven through the heels -
Rapid extension through hips and knees -
Knees are not locked, slight bend aka flexion -
Shoulder width apart -
Feet come off the floor as bar leaves the shoulders -
When fully extendeed feet are driving through the floor -
Beginning, held in place resting at the shoulders -
Transitions to overhead position -
Declines back to shoulder level -
Over extension -
Raising too quickly -
Stance is way to wide or narrow -
Bar is uneven with a right or left tilt Choose a person from your group who will be the athlete. This person will carefully carry out the push jerk movement in the space set up with the blue mats. The other members of the group will analyze and coach the athlete based on the visual information obtained. Be sure to work with the abilities of your athlete when offering advice on how to improve their positioning. Two different sizes of weight lifting bars are available in the lab. Use the weight that is suitable for your athlete (you want the load applied to be light and easy for your athlete). It is important that the load be light because your athlete will be going through the motions of the movement many times. Information for your analysis: •
Set-up a smartphone such that you have a sagittal view of your athlete. •
Set-up another smartphone such that you have a frontal view of your athlete. •
Ensure the cameras are steady (the camera operator may need to lean against the wall or have the camera supported) •
Using both smartphones, take a video of your athlete completing a push jerk. This will need to be done several times: initially (without offering comments or feedback) and as you offer coaching and corrections. •
Offer corrections and feedback until you believe the athlete has achieved their best personal technique (this may vary according to experience, flexibility, etc.). •
Ensure your team uses the tools available to offer the best coaching to your athlete.
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APA 2315- Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement University of Ottawa 7 o
DO NOT take measurements of your athlete on their body while they carry out the push jerk movement as this could result in injuries. o
Measurements may be taken on the video file in the Kinovea or OnForm software. o
Remember that motion analysis software offers many tools: gridlines for your background, angle calculator, straight lines, etc. Fill out the following chart based on your observations of your athlete. (14 marks)
APA 2315- Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement University of Ottawa 8 Skill component Observations Correction(s) to be made
APA 2315- Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement University of Ottawa 9 1.
Gaze 2.
Grip 3.
Elbows, arms and shoulders 4.
Abdominals & trunk 5.
Leg position & movement -
Looking upwards at a slight angle -
Wrists are pronated with an even grip -
Elbows facing outwards laterally -
Arms are slightly wider than shoulder width apart -
Back is straight with no arc -
Core isn’t engaged Torso is upright -
Legs are tight stance, small proximity -
Knees are angled forwards -
Driving occurs through the feet -
Forward gaze directly infront can help stabilize and focus at a certain point -
Relaxed -
Wrists and elbows are properly aligned -
Core is engaged -
Legs are shoulder width apart -
Knees are facing forwards
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APA 2315- Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement University of Ottawa 10 6.
Foot placement (stance) 7.
Trajectory of bar -
Close together and facing forwards -
Slightly uneven when bar is raised -
Shoulder width apart -
Bar weight should be evenly distributed and balanced Identify 3 corrections which needed to be given to the athlete. Identify the way in which the feedback was given and explained (coaching/teaching technique).
(3 marks)
Correction offered to the athlete Coaching/ teaching technique employed to offer the necessary feedback and correction 1. stance shoulder width apart with knees faced forwards -
Video is used to compare form and see visual feedback -
Both incorrect and correct forms are demontrated to understand the difference on do’s and don’ts 2. bar raised evenly -
Ensure muscle imbalances aren’t vaguely different and even grip on bar. Ensure user is focused to evenly raise the bar 3. engaged core -
Tight and tense core muscles -
Proper form in most exercises require a stable core to prevent back injuries Choose 3 skill components of the Push Jerk and state to which 9 principles of Biomechanics they relate. Explain why. (6 marks)
Skill component Related principle of Biomechanics Explanation:
APA 2315- Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement University of Ottawa 11 1. partial squat -
ROM -
Balance and coordination -
Flexibility in all lower body joints to maintain proper balance and stability -
Partial ROM -
Coordinate push with a squat 2. push –
overhead bar press -
ROM -
Balance and coordination -
Force relating to motion -
Bar is even above head -
Movements are coordinated when pushing by using a squat -
Force applied is to drive the bar upwards 3. jump and land -
Balance and coordination -
By finishing in the same as the starting position balance can be properly maintained -
Partial squat and push are properly coordinated together Before moving on to the next part of the lab, have everyone in the group try out the Push Jerk and offer constructive feedback on their technique. As coaches, it is important to not only understand and have the knowledge behind a movement, but it is also important to have a certain kinesthetic sense for the movement: this may help to better relate to the athlete and may make for a better coach. Questions for Part B: 1.
Why is proper technique important in strength and conditioning movements? During which skills do you think your athlete would have struggled to maintain proper technique had the load been increased for the Push Jerk? (2 marks) Proper technique is crucial in strength and conditioning movements for several reasons: Injury Prevention: Correct technique minimizes the risk of injuries. Performing exercises with improper form can lead to strains, sprains, and other injuries. Efficiency: Proper technique ensures that the targeted muscles are engaged effectively, leading to better results. Inefficient movements may not effectively target the intended muscle groups. Performance: Correct form optimizes performance by allowing the athlete to lift heavier weights or perform more repetitions over time. Dip and Drive: With increased load, athletes might struggle to maintain a consistent and powerful dip and drive motion, affecting the upward force applied to the barbell. Split Position: A heavier load could lead to difficulties in achieving and maintaining a stable split position, potentially compromising balance and overall lift execution.
APA 2315- Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement University of Ottawa 12 2.
Which was the principle coaching method used by the coaches in your group (e.g. verbal feedback, visual feedback, demonstrations, etc.)? Which do you believe to have been the most effective method for your athlete? Would this have been different depending on the athlete? Depending on the task? Explain. (4 marks)
In terms of the Push Jerk, effective coaching methods might include: Verbal Feedback: Providing cues and instructions on proper form and technique during the lift. Visual Feedback: Using video analysis to show the athlete their performance, allowing them to visually identify areas for improvement. Demonstrations: Coaches physically demonstrating the correct execution of the Push Jerk. The most effective method for an athlete could depend on their learning style and preferences. Some athletes respond better to verbal cues, while others may benefit more from visual demonstrations. The choice of coaching method could also depend on the complexity of the task, with a combination of methods often being the most effective approach. Discussion questions for both parts: 1.
From the images and videos collected in sagittal and frontal views, which do you believe to be the best setup in each case? (i.e. which view allowed you to better evaluate your athlete?). Which specific elements/corrections were easier to assess in that view? If you only had one camera, from which view would you decide to film your athlete for the ‘
set
’
position? Push Jerk? (4 marks) Camera Views for Evaluation: In the sagittal view, it might be easier to assess elements like the depth of the dip and drive, the extension of the hips and knees, and the overall vertical alignment. In the frontal view, it could be beneficial for evaluating the width and stability of the split position, as well as the alignment of the barbell. Deciding which view to prioritize might depend on the specific aspects the coach wants to focus on during evaluation. 2.
If you were to analyze and coach an athlete on the bench press, explain the steps you would take in doing so. (5 marks)
Set-Up: Ensure a stable and balanced position on the bench, with feet flat on the ground and a slight arch in the lower back. Grip and Hand Placement: Guide the athlete on proper hand placement on the barbell, considering their individual shoulder width. Descent and Ascent: Emphasize controlled descent, touching the bar to the chest, and a powerful ascent. Address any uneven lifting or bar path deviations. Breathing: Instruct the athlete on proper breathing techniques during the lift to maintain stability. Rack and Unrack: Teach a secure unracking and racking process to prevent unnecessary strain.
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APA 2315- Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement University of Ottawa 13 Video analysis from both sagittal and frontal views would be valuable to assess overall form and address specific points of improvement in the bench press.