Research Question and Hypothesis Exercise
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Assignment Week 2
Research Question and Hypothesis Exercise
Gregory Reyes
American Military University Research Question and Hypothesis Exercise
Dr. Cynthia M. Nolan November 19, 2023
School Resource Officer’s A division of the U.S. Department of Justice’s Office of Community Oriented Policing Services programs is the implementation of the school resource officer program. Initially established in 1950, as schools became desegregated. Although the Los Angeles School Police Department was created originally as a security unit in 1948, and in Flint, Michigan, the school resource officer program is a relatively new phenomenon in the United States. (NIE, 1978) The School Resource Officer has looked very different as it transitions into what we see today and has gone through a variety of reconstruction efforts. In 1974 Congress passed legislation requesting the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare's National Institute of Education, to
conduct the Safe Schools Study. In this study, Congress and HEW look to this Study to settle questions about school-based crime and violence nationwide. After this study, we saw the emergence of the “Officer Friendly” program within the Chicago Police Department. The “Officer Friendly” program served as a precursor to other police officer-led programs such as D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) and G.R.E.A.T. (Gang Resistance Education And Training) that were launched in the 1980s and 1990s. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, it these programs led to police officers talking to school-aged
children in classrooms and educating them on the role of a police officer in the community, drugs, and gangs. In the late 1990s, President Bill Clinton after having had multiple mass shootings in schools called together members of his cabinet in order to explore opportunities to have police officers assigned to schools to protect the children and curve these mass shootings. It wasn’t until April 1999 that we as a nation experienced the Columbine High School massacre where two Colorado high school students set out to methodically shoot classmates, murdering 13
and then killing themselves. This incident proved to be the turning point in the School Resource
and School District Police departments. According to the “Strategies for Youth Initiative”, From 1999 to 2005, the federal government allocated in excess of $750 million to law enforcement agencies for the purpose of engaging nearly 7,000 school resource officers. School Resource Officers (SROs), can now be found in approximately 71% of all public high schools in the country, as well as in middle and elementary schools. (Curran, Fisher, Viano 2020)
School Resource Officer’s Impact on Emergency Operations Planning
How School Resource Officers impact the quality of our children's lives is a matter of debate In our country. In 2021 the U.S. Education Department’s Office for Civil Rights, sent civil rights advocates stating that Black students and students with disabilities are disproportionately harmed by the practices used by school resource officers. While others advocate for school-based law enforcement, or SRO’s siting that when law enforcement officers are carefully selected and trained for placement in schools, their presence can reduce crime and improve students’ feelings of safety and their learning outcomes (Canady, James, & Nease, 2012)
The impact of school-based law enforcement on extreme violence is a hotly debated topic, with strong reactions from both sides of the argument. However, the recent increase in mass shootings
has brought attention to the role of school resource officers in preventing severe acts of violence, such as school shootings. According to the Congressional Research Service’s 2013 review noted
that “the body of research on the effectiveness of SROs does not address whether their presence in schools has deterred mass shootings” (James & McCallion, 2013, p. 11). The report does indicate that some studies showed that schools with police on campus are more likely to have emergency plans in place and receive regular safety checks.
Preliminary Hypothesis
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According to the United States Government Accountability Office, a survey conducted of
all 51 states' educational agencies revealed only 32 states required their school districts to have an emergency operations plan, with 34 requiring emergency plans for each of their schools within a district. In those states that required emergency operations plans, they reported the state
provided training, technical assistance, or guidance to support districts in developing or implementing plans. The United States Government Accountability Office, survey also found that only 32 states required school districts to conduct emergency exercises, such as drills, and 40
states reported requiring individual schools to complete those exercises. Many of the states that participated in this survey reported that they allowed the districts and schools to determine the content within the emergency operations plan and even fewer responded that they require a state review of those school district emergency operations plans. This paper aims to explain and focus
on emergency planning, specifically the creation of an emergency operations plan for school districts. It also investigates the impact of school resource officers on emergency operation planning. Specifically, this paper aims to explain; when are school resource officers more or less
likely to influence emergency operation planning. School Resource Officers, as a Research Variable
To understand the impact the school resource officer will potentially have on an emergency operation plan, you must understand that not all officers are created equally. The levels of training and experience dramatically impact the amount of input the officer can provide during the planning phase of the school district's emergency operations plan. We rely heavily on the police officers in our school during a crisis for their tactical knowledge, but is that all they offer during an emergency? Can our SROs assist in the planning phase? Emergency operations planning requires a multi-discipline team and a whole community-based planning team. Officers
typically have tactical training and, in most cases, mental health and de-escalation training but not emergency operations training. If School resources officers are on campus, they have the opportunity to influence the direction of the school's emergency operations planning both positively and negatively. Training elements can increase the opportunity for positive influence and allow the school resource officer to help prepare schools to handle crises, help develop and coordinate emergency response plans.
References
Bonchak, J. (2013). Police departments, schools seeing benefits of school resource officers. In McClatchy - Tribune Business News. Tribune Content Agency LLC. https://www.proquest.com/
Canady, M., James, B., & Nease, J. (2012). To protect and educate: The school resource officer and the prevention of violence in schools. Hoover, AL: National Association of School Resource Officers
Curran, C., Viano, S. L., & Fisher, B. W. (2020, April). Understanding School Safety and the Use
of School Resource Officers in Understudied Settings. National Criminal Justice Reference
Service. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/254621.pdf
District of Columbia Metropolitan Police Dept (1971). Officer friendly program. OFFICER FRIENDLY PROGRAM | Office of Justice Programs. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-
library/abstracts/officer-friendly-program
National Institute of Education. (1978). Safe school study. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Institute of Education. https://journals-sagepub-
com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/doi/10.1177/001112877802400301?icid=int.sj-abstract.similar- U.S. Education Department’s Office. (2023, November 15). U.S. Education Department’s Office for Civil Rights releases new civil rights data on students’ access to educational opportunities during the pandemic. U.S. Education Department’s Office for Civil Rights Releases New Civil Rights Data on Students’ Access to Educational Opportunities During the Pandemic | U.S. Department of Education. https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/us-
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United States Government Accountability Office. (2016, March). GAO-16-144, emergency management: Improved federal coordination could ... EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT Improved Federal Coordination Could Better Assist K-12 Schools Prepare for Emergencies. https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-16-144.pdf