Week 1 Assignment Definitions

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University of Phoenix *

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EDMG502

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Health Science

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Dec 6, 2023

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docx

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Uploaded by ChancellorPowerPuppy26

Discussion Research Requirements: Conduct research utilizing quality Internet sites, and provide working definitions for each scientific terms, Disaster, Experiment; Expert Opinion; Fact; Hypothesis; Objective; Opinion; Subjective; Theory; and Thesis Research Terms: Disaster The attempt to define the actual term disaster through research is difficult as it leads to examples of actual disasters and types and even planning for the actual emergency. A disaster is defined as a disastrous or catastrophic event, occurring suddenly, and causing a vast amount of loss of life, damage to property, or financial hardship ("Merriam-Webster, n.d.). The National Disaster Housing Strategy, NDRF - National Disaster Recovery Framework, identifies disasters as natural catastrophes, technological accidents, or human-caused events. The NDRF further identifies disasters into categories of “Large Scale Disasters”, which they define as exceeding the capabilities of the local response agencies and requiring assistance from state and even federal agencies and their expanded resources. The NDRF also categorizes what is considered a “Major Disaster”, which regardless of the cause the President of the United States can deploy resources and assistance to the disaster area to support local, and state agencies in the relief and recovery efforts. (Glossary Section: NDHS - National Disaster Housing Strategy, NDRF - National Disaster Recovery Framework n.d.).

Experiment In emergency management, experiments play a vital role in improving response to disasters. These experiments are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different response strategies and identify areas for improvement. They are carried out in real-world scenarios, often in the wake of a disaster, to provide valuable insights into the response process. The data collected from these experiments can inform the development of new emergency management protocols and help to refine existing ones, ultimately leading to more efficient and effective emergency response efforts. An experiment can be described as a procedure taking place within a controlled environment to help develop or test a hypothesis. It can also be utilized to illustrate a known law possibly leading to new discoveries ("Merriam-Webster, n.d.). Expert Opinion An expert opinion is a viewpoint that is formed by an individual who has gained a considerable amount of knowledge and experience in a particular field. It is a credit given to someone who has shown expertise in their area of specialization. For an opinion to hold the title of "expert," there is a certain level of study and qualification required. The field of Emergency Management depends on these well-versed individuals to coordinate initiatives, develop hypotheses, and ultimately find new ways to apply new lifesaving strategies in the field. These experts have a wealth of knowledge that they have acquired through years of study, practical experience, and research. Their opinions are highly valued in their respective fields, and their contributions have helped shape the industry. Without their expertise, the field of Emergency Management would

not have been able to keep up with the ever-changing dynamics of emergency situations and the need for new and innovative strategies to mitigate them. Fact Based on rigorous research and empirical evidence, a statement can confidently be considered a fact. ("Merriam-Webster, n.d.). When dealing with emergency management, facts play a crucial role in the development of hypotheses and theories. They provide a solid foundation to build upon, whether you're trying to prove or discredit a theory. Additionally, facts serve as a guiding principle in explaining the various phenomena that occur within the realm of emergency management. In essence, facts are an essential tool for any emergency management professional, as they help establish a clear understanding of the situation at hand. It's crucial to have accurate information about disasters given their unpredictable nature. This enables individuals to both react and prepare for potential hazards. A hypothesis is essentially an idea formulated prior to conducting scientific research. Its primary goal is to serve as an assumption that fosters critical thinking and ultimately leads to the development of a viable solution. Hypothesis A hypothesis is a preliminary idea formed prior to conducting scientific research. Its primary function is to serve as an assumption that can be utilized to enhance critical thinking and eventually establish a functioning theory. (“Merriam-Webster, n.d.). Prior to the establishment of the disaster cycle, a hypothesis was put forth that formed the foundation for principles of emergency management. The disaster cycle is an outline of stages encompassing the five phases

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of emergency management, mitigation, preparation, emergency response, and recovery. These models offer valuable guidance during disasters and are grounded in factual data gleaned from past occurrences. Numerous disaster-based models fail to effectively promote development, primarily due to the unpredictability of disasters. Previous experiences are often unreliable in preparing for new hazards, which necessitates the formulation of new hypotheses and theories by emergency management experts to face unforeseen situations. Objective Being objective involves the ability to consider and analyze information without being influenced by personal biases or emotions. It entails a conscious effort to remain impartial and unbiased while representing the facts. The goal of objectivity is to provide an accurate and truthful representation of a situation or issue, without distorting or manipulating the information to fit one's own agenda or beliefs. By being objective, one can avoid the pitfalls of subjective reasoning and ensure that decisions are based on sound reasoning and evidence. (“Merriam- Webster, n.d.). The core purpose of emergency management is to devise impactful approaches aimed at preserving lives, averting harm, and protecting assets during times of calamity. It entails a systematic evaluation intended to establish fundamental guidelines for plotting and determining strategies following disasters. This approach comprises four key components that prioritize preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. (“FEMA-National Preparedness Goal, n.d.). Opinion

Opinions are subjective viewpoints or judgments formed by an individual, based on their personal beliefs, experiences, and understanding of a particular issue. Unlike facts, opinions cannot be wholly verified or disproven, as they are often shaped by personal biases and subjective interpretations. However, opinions can provide valuable insights and perspectives that may not be apparent through factual information alone. For instance, if an opinion is being expressed by an experienced individual, it may carry more weight and credibility due to their knowledge and expertise in the field. Thus, while opinions may not always be objective or factual, they can still be useful information for decision-making and gaining a more comprehensive understanding of a particular issue. (“Merriam-Webster, n.d.). Emergency management is a complex field with many stakeholders, including practitioners and researchers. Practitioners implement emergency programs at all levels of government, while researchers study disasters from different perspectives. Researchers' opinions can generate new ideas and approaches, leading to hypotheses and theories that can be tested for future gain. Subjective In the field of emergency management, it is imperative to remain receptive to novel theories and concepts that can aid in our preparedness and response to unforeseeable hazards. This requires a willingness to explore diverse perspectives and methodologies while also being flexible in the face of evolving threats. Through an interpretive approach, emergency management professionals can devise innovative models and frameworks that are better suited to the challenges at hand. Ultimately, this enables us to respond more efficiently to emergencies and safeguard the welfare and security of those impacted. (“Merriam-Webster, n.d.).

Theory A theory is a set of scientifically accepted principles that explains phenomena. (“Merriam- Webster, n.d.). The concept of "theory" can sometimes be a source of disagreement among academics due to its multifaceted nature. In the field of emergency management, theories serve the crucial role of establishing clear terminology and academic definitions. This can be especially complex when attempting to define phenomena and hazards. In the absence of a consensus on what these terms represent, effective communication becomes impossible. In such instances, a functional theory can help clarify the situation and enable scholars to explore relationships between hazards. (“ Donahue 2012, Homeland Security Affairs n.d.). Thesis A thesis is a dissertation presenting original research findings and a specific viewpoint. (“Merriam-Webster, n.d.). Emergency management is a complex and multifaceted field that requires extensive research to fully comprehend. A thesis can be developed through a series of experiments that are designed to explore the different aspects of emergency management, such as disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. By conducting these experiments, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the challenges faced in emergency management and develop effective solutions to mitigate the impact of disasters. The results of these experiments serve as the foundation for a comprehensive body of research that can help improve emergency management practices and enhance the safety and well-being of communities.

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References: Benson, Charlotte, and Edward J. Clay. Economic and Financial Impacts of Natural Disasters : An Assessment of Their Effects and Options for Mitigation, World Bank Publications, 2004. ProQuest Ebook Central, September 9, 2023, from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=3050664 . Glossary Section: NDHS - National Disaster Housing Strategy, NDRF - National Disaster Recovery Framework September 9, 2023, from https://www.fema.gov/about/glossary/m National Preparedness Goal | FEMA.gov. (n.d.). Www.fema.gov. Retrieved September 9, 2023, from https://www.fema.gov/emergency-managers/national- preparedness/goal#:~:text=Capabilities%20to%20Reach%20the%20Goal Donahue, Donald A. et al. “The All Needs Approach to Emergency Response.” Homeland Security Affairs 8, Article 1 Retrieved September 9, 2023, from https://www.hsaj.org/articles/204 Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Experiment. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved September 9, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/experiment

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Expert opinion. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved September 9, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/expert %20opinion Dictionary.com. (n.d.). Fact. In Dictionary.com. Retrieved September 9, 2023, from, https://www.dictionary.com/browse/fact . Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Hypothesis. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved September 9, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypothesis Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Objective. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved September 9, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/objective Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Opinion. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved September 9, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/opinion Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Subjective. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved July 11, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/subjective

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Theory. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved September 9, 2023, from https://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/theory . McEntire, D. A. (2002, June 8). Theories relevant to emergency management versus a theory of ... - FEMA. The Status of Emergency Management Theory: Issues, Barriers, and Recommendations for Improved Scholarship . Retrieved September 9, 2023, from https://training.fema.gov/emiweb/downloads/thomas%20drabek%20- %20theories%20revelant.doc Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Thesis. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved September 9, 2023, from https://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/thesis .

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Week 1 Assignment Definitions

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