HS200_2302A_Unit_6_Assignment_PattyBickham
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Unit 6 Assignment H200 Unit 6 Patty Bickham Case Study #1
Jennifer is a 28-year-old Caucasian woman who works as a legal assistant in a law firm. While showering one morning she notices a lump in her right breast. Jennifer knows her mother had a harmful mutation in the BRCA1 gene, and her mother died of breast cancer. Jennifer has also had a history of early menstruation. She has never been pregnant, although would like to have children one
day. Concerned, Jennifer sees her primary physician, who sends her to have a mammogram. The mammogram shows that she does
indeed have breast cancer. Her doctor discusses treatment options with her. Complete the table below. Each blank is worth 3.5 points. Breast
Cancer[ CITATION
Bre23 \l 1033 ]
Signs and Symptoms
Breast pain, skin irritation or dimpling, Lump in breasts usually under the arm, nipple pain, discharge from nipples not milk, nipple turning inside, redness or thickening of the breast tissue. Risk factors
Hereditary and age, 2 risks factors that cannot be changed. Hard living, smoking, being an I will exercise later person, and the Fast-Food junkie are all ways of causing cancer too. Screening/diagnosis
Mammogram and ultrasound. Preventive measures
Quit the smoking, hard living and start to live a healthy life (eat healthy and exercise) Traditional treatment options and side effects
Before choosing a treatment, get a 2
nd
opinion. Surgeries Lumpectomy where they just take the lump out. And Mastectomy where they take all
the breast tissue out. Chemotherapy = Abraxane (chemical name: albumin-bound or nab-paclitaxel) Adriamycin (chemical name: doxorubicin) carboplatin (brand name: Paraplatin) Cytoxan (chemical name: cyclophosphamide) daunorubicin (brand names: Cerubidine, DaunoXome) Doxil (chemical name: doxorubicin) Ellence (chemical name: epirubicin) fluorouracil (also called 5-fluorouracil or 5-FU; brand name: Adrucil) Gemzar (chemical name: gemcitabine) Halaven (chemical name: eribulin) Ixempra (chemical name: ixabepilone) methotrexate (brand names: Amethopterin, Mexate, Folex) Mitomycin (chemical name: mutamycin) mitoxantrone (brand name: Novantrone) Navelbine (chemical name: vinorelbine) Taxol
(chemical name: paclitaxel) Taxotere (chemical name: docetaxel) thiotepa (brand name: Thioplex) vincristine (brand names: Oncovin, Vincasar PES, Vincrex) Xeloda (chemical name: capecitabine)
Radiation Therapy = External Beam Radiation, Brachytherapy or Internal Radiation, Intraoperative Radiation
Hormonal Therapy for Breast Cancer = Aromatase Inhibitors, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs). Arimidex. Targeted Therapy = Afinitor. Avastin, Enhertu
Immunotherapy = Jemperli. Keytuda, Tecentriq
Loss of hair, vomiting, other stomach issues, fatigue and headaches Depression
CAM options Acupuncture, Acupressure & shiatsu, Reiki, Hypnotherapy, Massage, Reflexology, Meditation, Herbal (Marijuana) therapy, Homeopathy, Yoga, Tai Chi. Imagine you are Jennifer’s physician, and provide your response to her question: “How will these treatments affect my fertility?” (3 points) Even though at your age having children after Chemo is possible it is also a good idea just in case, to have some your eggs harvested and saved until you feel it is right for you. Case Study #2
John is a 40-year-old, 6-foot-tall African American male with a BMI of 30. He is in the real estate business and likes to have a drink after work to unwind. He also enjoys going out with friends to a bar on weekends. John has approximately 20 drinks per week. At the doctor’s office during a regular checkup, he reports feeling tired at work, a change of bowel habits over the past 2 months, and occasionally has blood in his stool. He has a family history of colon cancer; his father had colon cancer but has managed it through treatment and is alive and doing well. The physician sends him for a colonoscopy after a sigmoidoscopy. He is told after the procedure that a suspicious mass is detected and a biopsy and CT scan are needed to confirm the diagnosis. Complete the table below. Each blank is worth 3.5 points. Colon Cancer
[ CITATION Mou23 \l
1033 ]
Signs and Symptoms
Lower Abdominal area pain and tender to the touch, Bloody poop, Diarrhea, constipation or other changes in your poop. Thin poops, Unexplainable weight-loss
Risk factors
Older people (45+) Drinker, Smoker, on the Obesity scale, Unfortunately Black and Eastern European people, People who love their red meat, Has a family history and may have Crohn’s disease or Colitis.
Screening/diagnosis
Sigmoidoscopy or Colonoscopy Complete Blood Count to check that you are not low on iron and Liver
function tests. IF diagnosed CT or MRI scans maybe done to make sure it didn’t spread. Preventive measures
You can’t stop age, but you can stop drinking and smoking. Get exercise on a regular basis, Eat less red or processed meats and more veggies and fruit. Traditional treatment options and side effects
Surgery = to remove the tumor Chemotherapy = kills the cancerous cells
Radiation = kills cancerous tissue
Targeted therapy = keeping the cancer from spreading Loss of hair, vomiting, other stomach issues, fatigue and headaches Anxiety and Depression CAM options
Most people find hope in support groups. Imagine you are John’s physician, and respond to the concerns he expresses: “I’m nervous, Doctor. If the results come back indicating I have cancer, then what is my prognosis? What treatment options are there? (3 points) Depending on the stage and if we caught it in it’s early stage and after 5 years after diagnosis with no recurring polyps we are looking at you being cured.
As far as treatments again depending where we are in the stages will depend on where we go, it can be as simple as surgically removing the tumor or treating it with chemotherapy or radiation. I can see you are upset and worried, why don’t
you call the Colorectal Cancer Alliance at 877 422-2030 [ CITATION Col23 \l 1033 ] they can help explain and support you
through this whole ordeal. John, I can’t tell you not to worry but there is support out there and in here for you. Case Study #3
Sofia, a 65-year-old woman, visits her doctor, complaining of a 4 week history of right sided chest pain. She describes the pain as dull and intermittent, and has not changed over the last few weeks. She has also lost about 7 pounds last few months. After a series of tests and procedures such as chest X-ray, CT scan, sputum cytology, and biopsy of the lung tissue, Sofia is diagnosed with non-
small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). She used to smoke, but quit 10 years ago at age 55. She had started smoking at age 16. Her father was also a smoker, and died of lung cancer. She is informed about other tests and procedures that may be used in the staging process, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scan, and pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Sofia is terribly anxious and asks her doctor about the prognosis. Complete the table below. Each blank is worth 3.5 points. Lung Cancer
[ CITATION Ame232 \l
1033 ]
Signs and Symptoms
Cough that don’t go away and blood comes with it. Chest pain that just won’t go away, shortness of
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breath or wheezing. Numerous lung infections like Bronchitis. Some other signs that might not seem like it could be a symptom is Losing weight because you have no appetite, headaches, bone pain or fractures Blood Clots
Risk factors
Smoking, Radon, Hazardous Chemicals, Genetics, Particle Pollution
Screening/diagnosis
Low-dose CT Scan if something is found then A MRI and PET
Preventive measures
Can’t change your Genetics, but you can lessen the chances. Stop smoking eat healthier. Limit your contact with Hazardous Materials and Chemicals. Traditional treatment options and side effects
Depending on Lung Cancer, Surgery, Radiation, Chemotherapy, Targeted Therapies, Immunotherapy Palliative Care
Fatigue, shortness of breath, skin reactions. Throat or mouth soreness, Infections and bleeding Gastrointestinal issues, Hair loss, Anxiety or depression CAM options
Meditation, Biofeedback, Yoga, Vitamins, Herbal Medicines, Special Diets, Massage, Chiropractic Care, reflexology, Tai Chi, Reiki, Therapeutic Touch. Ayurvedic Medicine, Chinese Medicine, Naturopathic Medicine
Imagine you are Sofia’s physician, and provide your response to her question: “What is the prognosis? How long do I have to live?” (3 points) Your prognosis Sofia all depends on what changes you make now. I can’t predict the future however I can say we can prolong it with you if you stop smoking and start promoting a healthier lifestyles. If you spend all your time knowing how long you have to until you die, you will not live. So let’s create a plan to combat and beat this. Case Study #4
Andrew is 48 years old, works in a health insurance company, and is single. Through discussion with colleagues, he becomes aware of the prostate specific antigen (PSA) test. He knows his father was diagnosed with prostate cancer at an early age. Andrew decides to go for the PSA screening test. His higher than normal PSA blood test and digital rectum exam (DRE) test suggest he might have
prostate cancer. A biopsy is done at his doctor’s office, and samples are sent to a lab. The pathologist confirms the presence of cancer cells in the samples and provided a Gleason score which is quite high. Complete the table below. Each blank is worth 3.5 points. Prostate Cancer
[ CITATION Uro23 \l
1033 ]
Signs and Symptoms
Dull Pain in the pelvic region, Have urinate often with some trouble (weak streams, pain, burning) Blood in pee Painful ejaculation, Pain in back, hips or upper thighs, bone pain and loss of hunger causing loss of weight. Risk factors
3 factors that cannot be controlled are Age, Ethnicity and Family History but weight is something that can be controlled. Screening/diagnosis
Blood tests, Digital Rectal Exam, if needed biopsy and then staging and grading of the biopsy.
Preventive measures
Plenty of the fruits and veggies High Fiber Foods low fat foods limited simple sugars exercise Traditional treatment options and side effects
Surgery and there are several options and Radiation. Prostate Brachytherapy
Side effects the worse is Erectile Dysfunction (ED) incontinence
CAM options
Support groups and Herbal therapy (Marijuana)
Imagine you are Andrew’s physician, and provide your response to his question: “Should I put my sperm in a sperm bank before undergoing treatment? How will the surgery affect my regular life?” (3 points) I am not going to lie, if you thinking you may want to have children later in life, it may be the option you want to take just in case. Depending on how you handle the treatments and how you change your life, will determine how you return to your regular life. Eat right, exercise and a few other things we should be able to get you back to being as normal as possible.
Case Study #5
Larry, a 45-year-old marathon runner, visits his primary physician for a routine physical checkup. During the checkup, a suspicious looking mole is detected at the back of his left hand. The lesion has an appearance suggestive of melanoma. Larry informs his doctor
that the mole has gotten larger over the past two years. Larry has a light complexion. He typically goes for a 5-6 mile run every day, and spends time gardening and biking. He is not sure whether any of his relatives have or have had skin cancer. He is referred to a dermatologist, who believes the mole looks like skin cancer. The mole is surgically excised and sent to pathology lab for histologic analysis. Larry is diagnosed with malignant melanoma. As further treatment, Larry’s physician wants to remove his left axillary mass and do histologic examination to ascertain whether or not Larry’s melanoma has metastasized. Complete the table below. Each blank is worth 3.5 points. Skin Cancer
[ CITATION Ski23 \l
1033 ]
Signs and Symptoms
When self-checking your moles follow the ABCDE of Melanoma Asymmetry = If the mole does not look the same when you split it in half with your finger nail
Border = if the border looks uneven or scalloped edges Color = benign are usually the same color brown. Melanoma can be different shades of brown, tan or even black.
Diameter or Dark = the diameter if it is 1/4inch or darker than the others get it checked by the doctors
Evolving = if it changes at any time. Risk factors
Sunbathing indoor or out without protection from UV rays. Weakened immunity. Many Moles already there on your body, fair skin people mostly get it, family history and genetics.
Screening/diagnosis
Biopsy Preventive measures
Where your sunblock with breathable clothing to include a hat. Traditional treatment options and side effects
Surgically removal of the melanoma Immunotherapy, targeted therapy, chemotherapy and radiation Sore to the touch at the biopsy site.
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CAM options
Imagine you are Larry’s physician, and provide your response to his question: “Can I still spend time outdoors? Is there anything special I’ll have to do in order to stay outside as often as I’d like?” (3 points) You don’t need to buy a greenhouse or anything like that.
Just a good pair of sunglasses, a hat and suntan lotion SPF 50 which is for children, but it is great for adults too. Make sure you reapply your suntan lotion or oil at least every 4 hours if not 3. Case Study # 6 - Student’s Choice
Choose one more form of cancer that you are interested in and complete the table below for that cancer. Complete the table below. Each blank is worth 3.5 points. Penile Cancer
[ CITATION Dan231 \l
1033 ]
Signs and Symptoms
Redness, irritation or sores or lump on the penis Risk factors
Being uncircumcised. Being older than 60. Personal hygiene. Too Many Sexual partners. Some tobacco products can cause issues too.
Screening/diagnosis
CT scan PET scan MRI Ultrasound Biopsy Preventive measures
HPV vaccine as a teen. Limit your sexual partners. Clean yourself regularly. Can’t do nothing about the
age. Traditional treatment options and side effects
Surgery, Radiation, Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Radiosensitizers Sentinel Lymph node after
surgery. Lymph node dissection
Anemia. Bleeding and bruising. Constipation or diarrhea, Delirium, Swelling, Fatigue, Being able to get someone pregnant. ED. Sleep problems. Bladder and Urinary problems CAM options
There are so many but to name a couple is Herbal therapy and massages. Anticipate a question that a patient who was recently diagnosed with the cancer you have chosen to research. Type that question below, and then provide an answer as if you are the patient’s physician. What are my chances at regaining an “normal” life? Since we caught it while it is in Stage I the survival rate is between 85% to 90% with the right treatments and if you change your life habits. A (6 points)
References
American Lung Association . (2023). Lung Cancer Fact Sheet
. Retrieved from American Lung Association : https://www.lung.org/lung-
health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/lung-cancer/resource-library/lung-cancer-fact-sheet
Breast Cancer. ORG. (2023). Home page Breastcancer.org
. Retrieved from Breastcancer.org. : https://www.breastcancer.org/
Colorectal Cancer Alliance. (2023). The Alliance Helpline . Retrieved from Colorectal Cancer Alliance: https://www.ccalliance.org/patient-family-support/helpline#:~:text=(877)%20422%2D2030,-Answered%20live%20Monday
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute . (2023, May 12). Retrieved from https://www.dana-farber.org/penile-cancer/
Mount Sinai. (2023). Colon Cancer . Retrieved from Mount Sani: https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-
conditions/colon-cancer
Skin Cancer Foundation. (2023). Melanoma Overview A Dangerous Skin Cancer
. Retrieved from Skin Cancer Foundation : https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/melanoma/
Urology Care Foundation. (2023). Prostrate Cancer - Early Stage. . Retrieved from Urology Care Foundation : https://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/prostate-cancer
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