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NUTRITION for a Changing World SECOND EDITION Chapter 6 Proteins How Much of a Good Thing Do We Need? © 2019 by W. H. Freeman and Company & Scientific American Jamie Pope, Steven Nizielski, and Alison McCook
Protein Needs • Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) – _______________ ___________ • Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) – _______________ ___________ • Example: RDA for a 154-pound adult – 154 lb ÷ 2.2 lb/kg = 70 kg – 70 kg × 0.8 g/kg = 56 g of protein/day
Functions of Protein in the Body
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Protein Structure Building blocks of protein are amino acids
Amino Acids Are Linked Together by Peptide Bonds • Dipeptides have 2 amino acids • Tripeptides have 3 amino acids • Polypeptides have many amino acids
Amino Acids in the Body • Essential • _____________________ • Must be obtained from food sources • Nonessential • Made in the body
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Protein Synthesis • The body breaks down protein in the foods we consume into individual amino acids • In order to synthesize protein we need: 1. Adequate protein intake 2. Adequate carbs & fat 3. All essential amino acids • 1 st step of protein synthesis = ______________ • 2nd step of protein synthesis = ______________
Protein Folding • After translation, amino acid chains fold into a particular shape • The shape determines the protein’s function • A protein must be folded correctly to function
Protein Denaturation • Denaturation • Caused by _________________________________ • Example: Adding lemon juice to milk causes it to curdle • Example: Cooking an egg makes the egg white harden • Affects the protein’s ability to function
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Protein Digestion & Absorption Mouth • Mechanical digestion • Protein torn into shreds Stomach • __________________ denatures and unfolds protein • Allows pepsin to access peptide bonds and increases the digestibility Small intestine • Pancreatic proteases break amino acids into peptides • Peptides = Short chains of amino acids • Digested further into dipeptides, tripeptides, and individual amino acids • Absorbed by mucosal cells of the small intestines with help from transport proteins • Amino acids of the same general type compete for the same absorption sites
_____________ _____________ • Continuous breakdown and synthesis of body proteins • Amino acids are needed to replace proteins lost when cells from our skin and lining our GI tract shred • Needed to allow for the accumulation of additional body protein mass during pregnancy, growth, and increasing muscle mass
Fate of an Amino Acid • Synthesize proteins in the body as needed • Consuming excess protein will not increase the amount of proteins made • Metabolized as a source of energy, not stored • Synthesized into glucose or fat
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Nitroge n Balanc e • Nitrogen can be used as a measure of protein – Amino group stripped off when amino acids are used for energy or for the synthesis of glucose or fatty acids – Amino group must be disposed of or it would accumulate in the body as ammonia – Liver converts ammonia to urea – Urea excreted in urine • N in − N out • N in – Protein intake • N out – Urine – Feces – Sweat
Positive Nitrogen Balance N in > N out
Nitrogen Equilibrium N in = N out
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Negative Nitrogen Balance N in < N out
Do Athletes Need More Protein? • What affects the success of an athlete like Michael Phelps? – Genes, training, and maybe diet • Athletes might need more protein • Optimal protein intake for performance advantage – ______________________ ______________________ _________
Special Protein Needs of Older Adults • Loss of lean body mass due to decreased physical activity • Concerning because it is associated with high risk of disability and death • Adults 50 to 65 years of age – ______________________ __________________ • Adults older than 65 years of age • ____________________ ____________________ • Can reduce loss of lean body mass
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Typical Protein Intake
Sources of Dietary Protein • Globally, only about 1/3 of protein intake comes from animal sources • Coastal areas and many developing nations: Fish is an important source of protein • India & Africa: Very little meat intake due to cost and availability: Obtain protein from legumes, nuts, seeds
Protein Quality • Complete proteins (_________) • All essential amino acids • Eggs, meat, fish, dairy • Soy • Most bioavailable to the body • Incomplete proteins (_________) • Considered low quality • Example: Rice, legumes • Limiting amino acid • Lack or supply low amounts of one or more essential amino acids • Complementary protein • Combining incomplete proteins • Example: Rice and beans
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Choose Your Protein Wisely
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Protein Deficiency: Kwashiorkor • Inadequate protein intake • Usually meet calorie intake – mostly through carbohydrates • Edema (swollen belly) – Proteins hold water and salt in the blood vessels • Liver usually also enlarged due to fatty liver
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Protein Deficiency: Marasmus • Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) • Starvation – Deficient in most nutrients including protein • __________________________ • Due to environmental, economic, social, and political factors
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Malnutrition and Growth
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High- Protein Diets • May help with initial weight loss • Studies show that in the long haul, little difference between diets higher and lower in protein in maintaining weight loss • AMDR 10-35% of total calories • Type of protein consumed is important • Diets high in animal protein – High in saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium – Low in fiber, phytochemicals, and certain vitamins – Connected to increased kidney stones, diabetes, cancer, and heart disease • Eat more fish, poultry, nuts, and beans – Reduce risk of diabetes, cancer, and heart disease
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Summa ry • Protein has many critical roles in the body’s structure and processes, including catalyzing chemical reactions (enzymes), regulating body functions (hormones), and transporting substances in the blood; it also has central roles in immunity, fluid balance, and blood clotting. • Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but also contain nitrogen, which is supplied through amino acids, the building blocks of protein. • Protein needs are determined by sex, life stage, and other factors; RDA for adults is 0.8 g/kg/day, and AMDR for protein is 10% to 35% of total kilocalories.
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Summa ry • Proteins are complex structures synthesized by linking 20 different amino acids into chains of varying sequence and length. Nine of these amino acids are considered essential because they must be supplied through the diet; the remaining 11 nonessential amino acids can be manufactured by the body. • Sequences of DNA called genes provide instructions for the synthesis of every protein in the body. This two-step process begins in the nucleus with gene transcription and is completed in the cytoplasm with translation. • The overall shape of a protein molecule determines its function and how it interacts with other molecules.
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Summa ry • The process of denaturation can alter the shape and function of proteins. • The digestion of proteins begins in the stomach, where proteins are denatured and fragmented, and is completed within the mucosal cells of the small intestine. • Proteins in the body are constantly being broken down into amino acids and reassembled in a process called protein turnover. • Nitrogen balance is a reflection of protein intake versus protein breakdown. • Depending on the proportion of each essential amino acid present (protein quality), foods can be classified as complete or incomplete proteins.
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