6268466 Public Health Policy

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Stanford University *

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Health Science

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Oct 30, 2023

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Uploaded by LieutenantGoldfish2766

1 Public Health Policy & Implementation Student’s Name Institution Due Date

2 Introduction Significant effects on public health, society, and the economy have resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine regulations, social isolation restrictions, and mask laws are only some of the public health measures that governments throughout the globe have enacted in reaction to the epidemic (Zaim et al., 2020). There has been some pushback to public health initiatives. Some have voiced concern that these policies violate basic rights. Some people have questioned whether or not these precautions are really safe or effective. In this paper, we'll look at how the Diffusion of Innovation Theory and the Health Belief Model may be used to understand the public's adoption of preventive measures against COVID-19 and how the virus has evolved in response to these efforts. The policy ramifications of these ideas will also be discussed. (Part 1) Diffusion of Innovation Theory and Health Belief Model Diffusion of Innovation Theory Everett Rogers's Diffusion of Innovation theory outlines the gradual spread of innovations such as new ideas, goods, or behaviors across a community. On the basis of their propensity to accept new technologies, users are classified as either early majority, innovators, late majority, early adopters or laggards (Dearing & Cox, 2018). Adoption rates are affected by a number of factors. These include relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability (Dearing & Cox, 2018). Health Belief Model: The Health Belief Model is a theoretical framework for understanding and predicting people's choices in regards to their health (Costa, 2020). Beliefs regarding the efficacy of a

3 behavior in lowering a health hazard, as well as perceived vulnerability to and severity of the threat, and the absence or presence of obstacles to doing that activity, are hypothesized to affect an individual's propensity to take action (Costa, 2020). Self-efficacy and other cues to action may also influence ultimate choices. (Part 2) Linking Theories to the Covid-19 Pandemic: Diffusion of Innovation Theory The Diffusion of Innovation idea was seen in the spread of preventative measures during the Covid-19 epidemic. Rapid adoption of masking, social distance, and telecommuting occurred among pioneers and trendsetters (Dearing & Cox, 2018). As the early majority began to see the relative benefits of these practices and their conformity with public health guidelines, they began to embrace them. These metrics gained popularity because they could be easily monitored and tested over time. Health Belief Model The Health Belief Model was relevant to several facets of the epidemic. Individuals determined their level of vulnerability to the virus based on age and preexisting health issues. The severity of Covid-19, as reported in the media, and the number of deaths reported, had an effect on people's action (Costa, 2020) s. People thought about the pros and cons of preventative measures like vaccinations. Vaccine concerns due to false information was among the barriers that affected decisions on getting vaccinated (Costa, 2020). (Part 3) Public Health regulation in My town:

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4 To prevent the spread of Covid-19, my town has enacted a regulation requiring the use of face masks in public buildings. There was widespread support for the policy, although a few people openly disobeyed it. Some people fought against the requirement since it invaded their privacy. As a result of differing opinions on whether or not masks are effective, the policy was met with protests and legal challenges. Definition of Terms Policy Termination: Termination of a policy occurs when the governing entity in charge of enforcing that policy or program formally announces that it will no longer be doing so. Executive Policymaking The term "executive policymaking" is used to describe the process through which the executive arm of government formulates, carries out, or significantly shapes public policy. The executive leader (president or governor) presides over this branch, which is crucial in formulating public policy. Policy Formulation: The formulation of policies refers to the steps used to create new policies or improve upon those already in place. Designing successful policies that address particular concerns or difficulties requires study, analysis, debate, and ultimately, decision-making. Interprofessional Policymaking:

5 The term "interprofessional policymaking" refers to the process through which experts from a variety of subjects work together to create, assess, and refine public policy. It stresses the need for several viewpoints and areas of expertise to produce balanced policy. Policy Change: When requirements, difficulties, or cultural pressures change, it may be necessary to make adjustments to current policies. It entails taking an existing policy and making adjustments to make it more efficient or applicable. When a policy is modified, only some aspects of it are changed, as opposed to the whole policy framework being rethought. The policy's overall framework will remain unchanged while some components are revised. Public Policy Perspective: Pluralist and Elitist: Pluralist Perspective: The pluralist view of public policy places an emphasis on the participation of a wide range of interest and stakeholder groups. It proposes that policies emerge through the competition and consensus of these many interest groups, striking a fair balance between competing social priorities. Elitist Perspective: The elitist viewpoint, on the other hand, holds that a select few powerful people in society are responsible for shaping public policy. The implication is that a small number of people, often those born into wealth and privilege, have enormous influence over public affairs. Collaboration in Policy Making:

6 The term "collaboration in policy making" refers to the procedure of collaborating closely to establish policies, which often involves a wide range of interested parties. By working together, more voices may be heard, and ultimately, more people can benefit from the policies that are created. Consultation in policy making: It is the process of including key stakeholders, specialists, and the general public in the policymaking decision-making procedure. It facilitates openness, acceptance, and consideration of other perspectives in policymaking. Kingdon’s Policy Stream Model: The Policy Stream Model developed by Kingdon provides a theoretical framework for the study of public policy. It explains how the difficulties and challenges that need to be addressed, the possible solutions and policy suggestions, and the political environment and possibilities all come together in the final policy. When these factors converge, it opens a "policy window" that may be used to implement or alter a chosen policy. Conclusion The Health Belief Model and the Diffusion of Innovation Theory provide light on how and why people are adopting preventive strategies against COVID-19. Public health practices and policies may be guided by these theoretical frameworks. The Diffusion of Innovation Theory, for instance, proposes that public health authorities highlight the relative benefit, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability of preventive interventions in their communications. According to the Health Belief Model, it is important for public health

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7 professionals to discuss the risks, vulnerabilities, benefits, and challenges associated with preventive interventions.

8 References Costa, M. F. (2020). Health belief model for coronavirus infection risk determinants. Revista de Saúde Pública , 54 , 47. https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002494 Dearing, J. W., & Cox, J. G. (2018). Diffusion of Innovations Theory, Principles, and Practice. Health Affairs , 37 (2), 183–190. Zaim, S., Chong, J. H., Sankaranarayanan, V., & Harky, A. (2020). COVID-19 and Multi-Organ Response. Current Problems in Cardiology , 45 (8). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100618