Exam 3 Review

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Exam 3 Review Recitation Leader: Megan Stratton (she/her) Email: mks9857@nyu.edu Office Hours: Tuesday’s 12:00pm
Question #1 Which of the following is true of language? a. The range of language is limited as explained by Noam Chomsky. b. Only humans and chimpanzees have the full ability of language, to comparable extents. c. Sound detection is a language problem experienced by the language receiver. d. At about 2 years old, a child begins learning semantics.
Question #2 A parent is speaking to a child, and presents them with a word that they had never heard before, “peach,” triggering the problem of language titled the Reference Problem. Which of the following correctly states and describes a solution to the posed problem? a. Novelty Matching; child associates “peach” with the unknown fruit. b. Category Assumption; child associates “peach” with fuzzy fruit. c. Novelty Matching; child associates “peach” with the color. d. Category Assumption; child associates “peach” if it seems intentional.
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Question #3 At daycare recess, a toddler says to their friend, “Iwannago inside classroomreadingcorner.” However, the friend has heard this statement before, and understands the sentence. What is occurring in this scenario? a. The friend struggles from the Parsing Problem, and does not successfully separate the words. b. The friend struggles to interpret the semantics without obvious pauses. c. The friend, with exposure, knows what sound units form the words. d. All of the above
Question #4 Which of the following is true of syntactic structures of language? a. Syntactic structures limit the range of possible uses of a language. b. Syntactic structures are very similar across international languages. c. Syntactic structures ensure that semantic meaning will be clear. d. Syntactic structures are learned only through conditioning.
Question #5 A young child visits their extended family, who speak with very strong New York accents, often pronouncing words in ways different from the child’s immediate family. What is likely to occur? a. The child will have problems with detecting and discriminating sounds. b. The child will not understand why sounds vary between individuals. c. The child’s parsing of the words will be inaccurate. d. The child’s phonological understanding will sustain variation in sounds.
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Question #6 Which of the following is true of sign language? a. During infancy, deaf babies produce language and babble using signs. b. Deaf children in Nicaragua formed a usable, structured language. c. Aphasia can affect both speakers of sign language and spoken language. d. All of the above
Question #7 Noam Chomsky proposed evidence that changed that way people understood language. Which of the following is a main idea of his findings? a. Children learn language mostly from direct teaching and experiences. b. Humans have innate hardware for learning language. c. Language can be learned easier in adulthood than in childhood. d. Semantics are an integral part of universal language.
Question #8 Allen is working on a report with his coworker Janelle. Allen suggests that they add a table of contents to the report, and Janelle responds, “Of course, yV\u would suggest that.” Which of the following concepts and explanations best describe this scenario? a. Crossity; Janelle actually believes Allen would suggest it. b. Sarcasm; Janelle actually believes Allen would suggest it. c. Crossity; Janelle does not actually believe Allen would suggest it. d. Sarcasm; Janelle does not actually believe Allen would suggest it.
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Question #9 In addition to his impact on human language studies, Noam Chomsky inspired further language research in animal species, with the research on Nim Chimpsky, a chimpanzee. Which of the following is a true finding of chimpanzee language research? a. Chimpanzees successfully communicate language with little complexity. b. Chimpanzees show promise in their high capacity for language learning. c. Chimpanzees satisfy all four characteristics of language. d. Chimpanzees were able to make many combinations of learned words.
Question #10 Which of the following statements is not true of social cognition? a. Humans can learn about human behavior of generations in a few years. b. The intentional stance is related to goals, ideas, and beliefs. c. Language interpretation is a core pillar of social cognition. d. “Mind-melding” is the process of understanding another’s mental state.
Question #11 Miss Day is an elementary school English teacher and loves to use personification in her writing exercises. In one she writes, “The leaves blown by the wind seemed to be fighting in the air.” Which of the following social cognition concepts and explanations are best represented by her sentence? a. False Belief; she attributes human qualities to nonhuman objects. b. Social Illusion; she attributes human qualities to nonhuman objects. c. False Belief; she tries to see human qualities in nonhuman objects. d. Social Illusion; she tries to see human qualities in nonhuman objects.
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Question #12 As we have established, the brain has undergone evolution in which some brain regions have developed and become more specialized. The neocortex is one of these regions in the context of social cognition. Which of the following is true regarding the neocortex? a. The neocortex is fairly small yet highly specialized. b. It is very involved in executive functions with low cortical volume. c. There is not a correlation between group size and neocortex size. d. It is part of planning and behavioral control processes.
Question #13 Over the course of this semester, we have often reiterated evidence for modularity in the brain. Which of the following is not evidence for such separation? a. Wernicke’s and Broca’s aphasia relating to semantics b. Autism and Williams syndrome relating to social cognition c. Wernicke’s and Broca’s aphasia relating to syntax d. Autism and Williams syndrome relating to groups
Question #14 An experimenter is interested in running the false belief test on groups of individuals with autism and Williams syndrome. What results would they expect to see and why? (Y = understand false belief, N = do not understand false belief) a. Autism: Y; excel in situations with social interaction. b. Williams syndrome: Y; have no impacted cognitive ability. c. Autism: N; have a hard time understanding someone else’s beliefs. d. Williams N: fail; have impacted social abilities.
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Question #15 Beau, John, and Kendrick are outside at recess when John and Kendrick begin to play catch, leaving out Beau, and leaving him quite upset. What part of his brain has likely been activate and what does this mean? a. Anterior Cingulate Cortex; brain processes social pain as pain. b. Amygdala; brain processes social pain as pain. c. Anterior Cingulate Cortex; brain process social danger as danger. d. Amygdala; brain process social danger as danger.
Question #16 Josie and her sister have just finished trick-or-treating and they are dividing their candy. Her sister takes all of the full size bars and leaves the worst candy for her. What group norm is being violated in this situation and how would you expect Josie to react? a. Reciprocity; Josie will accept the candy because it’s better than nothing. b. Fairness; Josie will accept the candy because it’s better than nothing. c. Reciprocity; Josie will storm off without any candy. d. Fairness; Josie will storm off without any candy.
Question #17 Which of the following is not a correct pairing of a form of conformity and a factor that would reduce it? a. Diffusion of responsibility; creating roles and corresponding responsibilities b. Going along with the crowd; having an ally that also contradicts the group c. Obedience to authority; an authority figure that breaks the prior instruction d. Expected roles; uphold general ideas about the behaviors of people in certain positions.
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Question #18 Which of the following statements about the Robbers Cave experiment is not true? a. Groups were involved in a “Realistic Conflict” within real groups. b. Scarcity of resources, limit to rewards contributed to the conflict. c. Groups were never able to end the conflict among them. d. One group would often gain at the cost of another.
Question #19 Different from the Realistic Conflict Theory, “minimal groups” under the Social Identity Theory, showed interesting results. Which of the following best describes individuals that belonged to a seemingly arbitrary group: a. They still prefered their group in resource allocation tasks. b. They still had in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination. c. They still showed loyalty to their group without connection to the cause. d. All of the above
Question #20 The Stereotype Content Model rates individuals/groups based upon warmth and competence. In which of the following examples does the speaker attribute both warmth and competence to the subject? a. “Wait, miss, let me get the car door for you; you shouldn’t have to.” b. “I feel so bad; she is so kind, but too old to do the things she wants to do.” c. “Not only is she a good person, but she worked her way to the top.” d. “I can’t ask for a raise; he is going to say no and explain exactly why not.”
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Question #21 A company is suffering from an extremely toxic environment in which all of the male executives go out for lunch, excluding the female executives. HR is looking into solutions to intervene and consult the Contact Hypothesis, deciding that all roles must have the same title, and the same terms for lunch access. What part of the hypothesis are they consulting? a. Personal interaction b. Equal status c. Cooperation d. All of the above
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Question #22 Which of the following statements incorrectly compares characteristics of implicit prejudice to explicit prejudice? a. Procedural, priming memory : Semantic memory b. Non-verbal behaviors : Verbal behavior c. Correctable : Uncorrectable d. Observer judgments : Self judgments
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Answer Key
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Question #1 Which of the following is true of language? a. The range of language is limited as explained by Noam Chomsky. b. Only humans and chimpanzees have the full ability of language, to comparable extents. c± Sound detection is a language problem experienced by the language receiver± d. At about 2 years old, a child begins learning semantics. Range of language is infinite with syntax; only humans have full extent of language; children begins learning semantics very young.
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Question #2 A parent is speaking to a child, and presents them with a word that they had never heard before, “peach,” triggering the problem of language titled the Reference Problem. Which of the following correctly states and describes a solution to the posed problem? a± Novelty Matching*; child associates “peach” with the unknown fruit± b. Category Assumption; child associates “peach” with fuzzy fruit. c. Novelty Matching; child associates “peach” with the color. d. Category Assumption; child associates “peach” if it seems intentional. Category Assumption: not too specific of a category; Novelty Matching: in the presence of a known and unknown thing, the unknown word relates to unknown thing.
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Question #3 At daycare recess, a toddler says to their friend, “Iwannago inside classroomreadingcorner.” However, the friend has heard this statement before, and understands the sentence. What is occurring in this scenario? a. The friend struggles from the Parsing Problem, and does not successfully separate the words. b. The friend struggles to interpret the semantics without obvious pauses. c± The friend² with exposure² knows what sound units form the words± d. All of the above They OH]vL heard the words – has exposure, allowing them to overcome the Parsing Problem.
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Question #4 Which of the following is true of syntactic structures of language? a. Syntactic structures limit the range of possible uses of a language. b± Syntactic structures are very similar across international languages± c. Syntactic structures ensure that semantic meaning will be clear. d. Syntactic structures are learned only through conditioning. SVO, SOV syntax structures common across languages.
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Question #5 A young child visits their extended family, who speak with very strong New York accents, often pronouncing words in ways different from the child’s immediate family. What is likely to occur? a. The child will have problems with detecting and discriminating sounds. b. The child will not understand why sounds vary between individuals. c. The child’s parsing of the words will be inaccurate. d± The child’s phonological understanding will sustain variation in sounds± Phonological system can sustain variation; we experience it all the time.
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Question #6 Which of the following is true of sign language? a. During infancy, deaf babies produce language and babble using signs. b. Deaf children in Nicaragua formed a usable, structured language. c. Aphasia can affect both speakers of sign language and spoken language. d± All of the above
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Question #7 Noam Chomsky proposed evidence that changed that way people understood language. Which of the following is a main idea of his findings? a. Children learn language mostly from direct teaching and experiences. b± Humans have innate hardware for learning language± c. Language can be learned easier in adulthood than in childhood. d. Semantics are an integral part of universal language. Children are not learning their language from teaching, imitation, reinforcement. There is innate hardware – Language Acquisition Device.
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Question #8 Allen is working on a report with his coworker Janelle. Allen suggests that they add a table of contents to the report, and Janelle responds, “Of course, yV\u would suggest that.” Which of the following concepts and explanations best describe this scenario? a± Crossity*; Janelle actually believes Allen would suggest it± b. Sarcasm; Janelle actually believes Allen would suggest it. c. Crossity; Janelle does not actually believe Allen would suggest it. d. Sarcasm; Janelle does not actually believe Allen would suggest it. Emphasis on a word suggests the meaning – she’s UV[t implying the opposite.
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Question #9 In addition to his impact on human language studies, Noam Chomsky inspired further language research in animal species, with the research on Nim Chimpsky, a chimpanzee. Which of the following is a true finding of chimpanzee language research? a± Chimpanzees successfully communicate language with little complexity± b. Chimpanzees show promise in their high capacity for language learning. c. Chimpanzees satisfy all four characteristics of language. d. Chimpanzees were able to make many combinations of learned words. Complexity and variation in chimpanzee language was very limited!
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Question #10 Which of the following statements is not true of social cognition? a. Humans can learn about human behavior of generations in a few years. b. The intentional stance is related to goals, ideas, and beliefs. c± Language interpretation is a core pillar of social cognition± d. “Mind-melding” is the process of understanding another’s mental state. Social cognition: preferences, attitudes, emotions, moods, beliefs, knowledge, attribution of behavior, personality traits.
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Question #11 Miss Day is an elementary school English teacher and loves to use personification in her writing exercises. In one she writes, “The leaves blown by the wind seemed to be fighting in the air.” Which of the following social cognition concepts and explanations are best represented by her sentence? a. False Belief; she attributes human qualities to nonhuman objects. b± Social Illusion*; she attributes human qualities to nonhuman objects± c. False Belief; she tries to see human qualities in nonhuman objects. d. Social Illusion; she tries to see human qualities in nonhuman objects. Not necessarily [tYyPUN to do so — humans are equipped to see human traits.
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Question #12 As we have established, the brain has undergone evolution in which some brain regions have developed and become more specialized. The neocortex is one of these regions in the context of social cognition. Which of the following is true regarding the neocortex? a. The neocortex is fairly small yet highly specialized. b. It is very involved in executive functions with low cortical volume. c. There is not a correlation between group size and neocortex size. d± It is part of planning and behavioral control processes± High cortical volume and size, correlation between its size and group size
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Question #13 Over the course of this semester, we have often reiterated evidence for modularity in the brain. Which of the following is not evidence for such separation? a. Wernicke’s and Broca’s aphasia relating to semantics b. Autism and Williams syndrome relating to social cognition c. Wernicke’s and Broca’s aphasia relating to syntax d± Autism and Williams syndrome relating to groups We talked about the distinction in the context of false belief and other social cognition tests.
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Question #14 An experimenter is interested in running the false belief test on groups of individuals with autism and Williams syndrome. What results would they expect to see and why? (Y = understand false belief, N = do not understand false belief) a. Autism: Y; excel in situations with social interaction. b. Williams syndrome: Y; have no impacted cognitive ability. c± Autism): N*; have a hard time understanding someone else’s beliefs± d. Williams syndrome: N; have impacted social abilities. Williams syndrome: Y; great social skills but impaired cognitive abilities Autism: N; impaired social skills but great cognitive abilities
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Question #15 Beau, John, and Kendrick are outside at recess when John and Kendrick begin to play catch, leaving out Beau, and leaving him quite upset. What part of his brain has likely been activate and what does this mean? a± Anterior Cingulate Cortex*; brain processes social pain as pain± b. Amygdala; brain processes social pain as pain. c. Anterior Cingulate Cortex; brain process social danger as danger. d. Amygdala; brain process social danger as danger.
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Question #16 Josie and her sister have just finished trick-or-treating and they are dividing their candy. Her sister takes all of the full size bars and leaves the worst candy for her. What group norm is being violated in this situation and how would you expect Josie to react? a. Reciprocity; Josie will accept the candy because it’s better than nothing. b. Fairness; Josie will accept the candy because it’s better than nothing. c. Reciprocity; Josie will storm off without any candy. d± Fairness*; Josie will storm off without any candy± People would prefer to get nothing than an unfair share in many situations.
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Question #17 Which of the following is not a correct pairing of a form of conformity and a factor that would reduce it? a. Diffusion of responsibility; creating roles and corresponding responsibilities b. Going along with the crowd; having an ally that also contradicts the group c. Obedience to authority; an authority figure that breaks the prior instruction d± Expected roles*; uphold general ideas about the behaviors of people in certain positions± To reduce conformity to expected roles, would need to break generalizations, separate roles from stereotypical portrayals.
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Question #18 Which of the following statements about the Robbers Cave experiment is not true? a. Groups were involved in a “Realistic Conflict” within real groups. b. Scarcity of resources, limit to rewards contributed to the conflict. c± Groups were never able to end the conflict among them± d. One group would often gain at the cost of another. Groups were able to break free of the conflict cycle by participating in teamwork tasks.
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Question #19 Different from the Realistic Conflict Theory, “minimal groups” under the Social Identity Theory, showed interesting results. Which of the following best describes individuals that belonged to a seemingly arbitrary group: a. They still prefered their group in resource allocation tasks. b. They still had in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination. c. They still showed loyalty to their group without connection to the cause. d± All of the above
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Question #20 The Stereotype Content Model rates individuals/groups based upon warmth and competence. In which of the following examples does the speaker attribute both warmth and competence to the subject? a. “Wait, miss, let me get the car door for you; you shouldn’t have to.” i. High warmth; low competence ĺ Benevolent Sexist! b. “I feel so bad; she is so kind, but too old to do the things she wants to do.” i. High warmth; low competence c± “Not only is she a good person² but she worked her way to the top±” d. “I can’t ask for a raise; he is going to say no and explain exactly why not.” i. Low warmth; high competence
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Question #21 A company is suffering from an extremely toxic environment in which all of the male executives go out for lunch, excluding the female executives. HR is looking into solutions to intervene and consult the Contact Hypothesis, deciding that all roles must have the same title, and the same terms for lunch access. What part of the hypothesis are they consulting? a. Personal interaction – if they planned an office get together b± Equal status c. Cooperation – if they had an intervention with the men d. All of the above
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Question #22 Which of the following statements incorrectly compares characteristics of implicit prejudice to explicit prejudice? a. Procedural, priming memory : Semantic memory b. Non-verbal behaviors : Verbal behavior c± Correctable ): Uncorrectable d. Observer judgments : Self judgments With work and reflection, prejudice can be corrected.
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Woohoo, all done!
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