C206 Task 1 Rev. 1
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School
Western Governors University *
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Course
C206
Subject
Communications
Date
Jan 9, 2024
Type
odt
Pages
20
Uploaded by PresidentHackerOyster7357
Using these guideline:
SCENARIO You are a sales representative for a medical device company that manufactures artificial joints. Your company has developed an artificial knee joint that is less expensive than the competition and will dramatically reduce healing time for patients. However, it is also known to produce a serious and potentially lethal infection in a small percentage of patients. The company refuses to disclose this potential side effect. You feel you have a duty to divulge this issue, but you signed a nondisclosure agreement when you were hired and worry about possible repercussions. REQUIREMENTS Your submission must be your original work. No more than a combined total of 30% of the submission and no more than a 10% match to any one individual source can be directly quoted or closely paraphrased from sources, even if cited correctly. The similarity report that is provided when you submit your task can be used as a guide. You must use the rubric to direct the creation of your submission because it provides detailed criteria that will be used to evaluate your work. Each requirement below may be evaluated by more than one rubric aspect. The rubric aspect titles may contain hyperlinks to relevant portions of the course. Tasks may not be submitted as cloud links, such as links to Google Docs, Google Slides, OneDrive, etc., unless specified in the task requirements. All other submissions must be
file types that are uploaded and submitted as attachments (e.g., .docx, .pdf, .ppt). Write an essay (suggested length of 6–8 pages) in which you do the following: A. Select a nonfictional leader who you feel has exhibited exemplary ethical conduct and do the following: 1. Discuss two ethical traits your chosen leader has demonstrated. 2. Explain how your chosen leader has exhibited ethical conduct.
Note: The chosen leader can be someone you know personally or someone famous. B. Compare the deontological and consequentialist perspectives and how each perspective would approach the dilemma from the scenario. C. Identify and explain which level of cognitive moral development (i.e., preconventional, conventional, or postconventional) is represented in the scenario for each of the following questions: • Which action would most likely serve the greater good in society? • If I reveal this information, will I get into trouble and possibly even lose my job? • Which action best aligns with my long-held belief in the principle of justice? • What do the laws say, and what would a law-abiding citizen do? • If I keep quiet, will I get some sort of reward? D. Reflect on your Ethical Lens Inventory (ELI) by doing the following: 1. Explain your preferred ethical lens, relevant to the ELI. a. Analyze whether you have the same preferred lens in different settings (e.g., work, personal, social). 2. Explain one of your primary values and one classical virtue from the ELI. Note: If you are a Center Perspective, choose any primary value. a. Compare your primary value from part D2 with one of your own self-identified or personal values. Then compare your classical virtue from part D2 with a different self-identified or personal value. Note: Examples of personal values can be found in the attached “Clarifying Your Values” chart. 3. Describe one of the following from your ELI: • blind spot •
risk • double standard • vice a. Discuss two steps you can take to mitigate the blind spot, risk, double standard, or vice described in part D3 in order to make better ethical decisions in the future. 4. Discuss how the information from your ELI could be applied to an ethical situation in the workplace. E. Submit a copy of the PDF file with the results from your ELI as a separate document. F. Acknowledge
sources, using in-text citations and references, for content that is quoted, paraphrased, or summarized. G. Demonstrate professional communication in the content and presentation of your submission.
Essay must meet this Rubric standard:
A1: ETHICAL TRAITS =
The discussion of 2 ethical traits the chosen leader has demonstrated is logical and well supported.
A2: ETHICAL CONDUCT
= The explanation of how the chosen leader has exhibited ethical conduct is logical, and the ideas presented are well supported.
B: DILEMMA ANALYSIS:
= The response compares how the dilemma found in the scenario could be approached from
both
the deontological and consequentialist perspectives. The submission is logical and well supported.
C: LEVELS OF COGNITIVE MORAL DEVELOPMENT
= The identification and explanation of which level of cognitive moral development is represented in the scenario is well reasoned and logical for at least four of the 5 given questions.
D1: PREFERRED ETHICAL LENS
= The explanation of the preferred ethical lens is logical and relevant to the ELI results.
D1A: DIFFERENT SETTINGS:
= The analysis of whether the candidate has the same preferred lens in different settings is well supported, and the ideas presented are logical.
D2: PRIMARY VALUE AND CLASSICAL VIRTUE:
= The explanation of
both
the primary value and classical virtue from the ELI is logical and relevant to the candidate’s ELI results.
D2A: COMPARISON TO VALUES
= The comparison of the primary value from part D2 with 1 self-identified or personal value and the comparison of the classical virtue from part D2 with a different self-identified personal value are
both
logical and well supported.
D3: BLIND SPOT, RISK, DOUBLE STANDARD OR VICE:
= The description of the chosen blind spot, risk, double standard, or vice from the candidate’s ELI
is logical and relevant.
D3A: MAKING BETTER ETHICAL DECISIONS:
= The discussion of
both
of the 2 steps that could mitigate the blind spot, risk, double standard, or vice from part D3 in order to make better ethical decisions in the future is logical and well supported.
D4: PROFESSIONAL USE OF ELI
= The discussion of how the information from the candidate’s ELI could be applied to an ethical situation in the workplace is logical, and the ideas presented are well supported.
E: ELI RESULTS:
= A copy of the PDF file with the results from the ELI is provided.
F:
SOURCES
= The submission includes in-text citations for sources that are properly quoted, paraphrased, or summarized and a reference list that accurately identifies the author, date, title, and source location as available.
G:
PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION
= Content reflects attention to detail, is organized, and focuses on the main ideas as prescribed in the task or chosen by the candidate. Terminology is pertinent, is used correctly, and effectively conveys the intended meaning. Mechanics, usage, and grammar promote accurate interpretation and understanding.
My ELI results are:
Your preferred ethical lens is: Reputation Lens
Mild Sensibility and Considered Equality (MSCE)
You listen to your feelings (sensibility) to determine what virtues you should
develop to demonstrate ethical excellence in community (equality).
Your Primary Values show how you prioritize the tension between rationality and sensibility as well as autonomy and equality.
Your primary values are Sensibility and Equality
You have a
mild
preference for the value of sensibility (MS)—following your
heart—over rationality—following your head. As an MS, your passions and
emotions are tempered by reason as you seek your heart's desires. You
frame the narrative of your life in terms of being all you can be as you strive to
embody the ideals of your roles.
You have a
considered
preference for the value of equality (CE)—respecting
the community—over autonomy—giving priority to the individual. As a CE,
you are committed to supporting the institutions of your community to make
sure that those in authority do not abuse their power and those who are on
the margins are not forgotten. You expect others to be accountable for living
into their roles for the betterment of the community as a whole.
Know Yourself
Pay attention to your beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.
The first step to ethical agility and maturity is to carefully read the description
of your own ethical lens. While you may resonate with elements of other
lenses, when you are under stress or pressure, you’ll begin your ethical
analysis from your home lens. So, becoming familiar with both the gifts and
the blind spots of your lens is useful. For more information about how to think
about ethics as well as hints for interpreting your results, look at the
information under the
ELI Essentials
and
Exploring the ELI
on the menu bar.
Understanding Your Ethical Lens
Over the course of history, four different ethical perspectives, which we call
the
Four Ethical Lenses,
have guided people in making ethical decisions.
Each of us has an inherited bias towards community that intersects with our
earliest socialization. As we make sense of our world, we develop an
approach to ethics that becomes our ethical instinct—our gut reaction to value
conflicts. The questions you answered were designed to determine your
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instinctual approach to your values preferences. These preferences
determine your placement on the
Ethical Lens Inventory
grid, seen on the
right side of this page.
The dot on the grid shows which ethical lens you prefer and how strong that
preference is. Those who land on or close to the center point do not have a
strong preference for any ethical lens and may instead resonate with an
approach to ethics that is concerned with living authentically in the world
rather than one that privileges one set of values over another.
Each of the paragraphs below describes an ethical trait—a personal
characteristic or quality that defines how you begin to approach ethical
problems. For each of the categories, the trait describes the values you
believe are the most important as well as the reasons you give for why you
make particular ethical decisions.
To see how other people might look at the world differently, read the
descriptions of the different ethical lenses under the tab
Ethical Lenses
on the
menu bar. The “Overview of the Four Ethical Lenses” can be printed to give
you a quick reference document. Finally, you can compare and contrast each
ethical trait by reading the description of the trait found under the
Traits
menu.
Comparing the traits of your perspective to others helps you understand how
people might emphasize different values and approach ethical dilemmas
differently.
As you read your ethical profile and study the different approaches, you’ll
have a better sense of what we mean when we use the word “ethics.” You’ll
also have some insight into how human beings determine what actions are—
or are not—ethical.
The Snapshot gives you a quick overview of your ethical lens.
Your snapshot shows you building an ethically excellent community.
This ethical lens is called the Reputation Lens because people with this focus
value having others who are important to them in their various communities
think highly of their expertise and character—their reputation. They care about
working with others to define ethical excellence in the various roles they have
as humans.
The Reputation Lens represents the family of ethical theories known as virtue
ethics theories, where to determine what actions are ethical, you consider
what habitual qualities of being—virtues—are required to demonstrate ethical
excellence in the various roles you have in your community.
Your Ethical Path is the method you use to become ethically aware and mature.
Your ethical path is the Path of the Saint.
On the ethical Path of the Saint, you follow community sensibilities and
wisdom to embody the virtues that count for excellence in your community.
The list of desirable virtues is shaped in conversation between those who take
on specific roles in a community and the rest of the members of that
community. What does it mean to be a good parent? A good executive? A
good member of the community? A good worker? Conversations about virtue
ethics focus on character—habits of being that define who you are as a
person.
As you walk the Path of the Saint, you pursue a vision of yourself that
exemplifies these virtues. Based on the wisdom of the community and your
own sense of how to serve others, you determine what is expected for
someone in the roles you have. Your roles include your profession as well as
broader roles like citizen, friend, student, or parent. As you seek to fulfill the
expectations of these roles, you develop the dispositions and character that
are the hallmarks of excellence.
Your Vantage Point describes the overall perspective you take to determine what behaviors best reflect your values.
The icon that represents your preferred vantage point is a camera.
Just as you use a camera to frame a subject, hoping to capture the picture in
its best light, the Reputation Lens helps you focus on the here and now and
make choices that will help you live into the standards of ethical excellence
that are expected of your role.
Your Ethical Self is the persona the theorists invite you to take
on as you resolve the ethical problem.
Your ethical self is a particular person with particular roles in
the community.
Using the camera of the Reputation Lens, you think of your ethical self as
someone living in a very particular place and with a specific role. Some
people make ethical decisions by removing themselves from the equation and
using abstract hypotheticals—not you. Your ethical self is an ideal version of
yourself, or someone you look up to, and you ask, “What would this person
do?”
Looking forward in time, you seek to make choices that will strengthen your
legacy and develop a strong individual character. You expect others to live
into the virtues of their roles as well. If someone is virtuous, you willingly defer
to their leadership. As you develop your character over time, you become
defined by your narrative—the “story” you tell about your place in the
community and your important and defining values: the self you see in the
lens of your ethical camera.
Your Classical Virtue is the one of the four virtues identified by Greek philosophers you find the most important to embody.
Your classical virtue is fortitude—bearing hardship and uncertainty with courage.
As you seek ethical maturity, you embrace fortitude, facing hardship with
courage, even if your empathy for others can make some choices difficult
Noticing the problems caused by hard-heartedness and self-righteousness,
you use the tools of sensibility as well as rationality to show compassion as
well as courage.
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Your Key Phrase is the statement you use to describe your ethical self.
Your key phrase is “I make wise choices that lead to a virtuous character.”
Because you are aware of your place in a larger community, you strive to
make choices that are not only wise but that also develop your character and
prove your worthiness to the community. You care about what others think of
you—not out of self-aggrandizement, but out of a desire to be your best self.
You are motivated by the community’s opinion of you and validation of your
character, which allows you to find happiness and fulfillment in serving others.
Using the Reputation Lens
By prioritizing sensibility and equality, the Reputation Lens provides a unique
perspective on what specific actions count as being ethical. This lens also has
its own process for resolving ethical dilemmas. As you translate your
overarching values into actions—applied ethics—each perspective provides a
specific nuance on what counts as ethical behavior. This next section
describes how you can use the Reputation Lens to resolve an ethical
dilemma.
Deciding what is Ethical is the statement that describes your preferred method for defining what behaviors and actions are ethical.
Members of the community in dialogue rely on their passion and commitment to agree upon character traits required for virtuous living.
With a considered preference for equality, you engage with other members of
the community as well as your own reason to determine their expectations for
your role. You believe that an action is ethical if it embodies those virtues, and
you are happy when you hear the community sing your praises when you do
right or let you know if you fall short. The community’s reaction informs your
future decisions, and the conversation continues.
Your Ethical Task is the process you prefer to use to resolve ethical dilemmas.
Your ethical task is to embrace virtues, the qualities of character that let you be an effective community leader.
Your primary focus is seeking that which is Good. As you gaze through this
lens, you follow your heart to identify what kind of person you want to become
and what you want your reputation within the community to be. As you
consider how to live into the values of a life in pursuit of an ideal character,
you choose to act as a servant leader, generously moderating your own
desires to help others in the community improve and become ethically
excellent in their own roles.
Your Analytical Tool is your preferred method for critically thinking about ethical dilemmas.
Your preferred analytical tool is tradition.
Learning from respected role models in the community is quite helpful as you
determine what behaviors are good and demonstrate excellence. The
interplay of personal reflection and community conversation allows you to
craft a coherent narrative about what you do and why. Your actions can then
fit within the long view of your life as you test options for action against your
understanding of who you are and what you want to accomplish within your
community. In this way, you can meet your goal of helping to write the
community’s narrative as a role model for others.
Your Foundational Question helps you determine your ethical boundaries.
Your foundational question is “What action will set a good example?”
As you ask, “What action will set a good example?” you temper the
expectations of the community with an expectation of consistency as you and
others define and virtuously live into the competencies required of your
various roles.
As you expand your perspective to include others, you ask “What behaviors
would show excellence in this role?” Asking this question moves you beyond
simply doing what is necessary to avoid the community’s criticism and toward
being a role model and a leader.
In robust conversations with your role models, you can identify the best
ethical practices. Any path forward has to meet the ethical minimum of being
something you’d be willing to do in full view of the community.
Your Aspirational Question helps you become more ethically mature.
Your aspirational question is “How can I courageously be a servant leader?”
And then, as your perspective shifts to include yourself as well as others and
seek a greater purpose in life than only striving to meet other people’s
expectations, you begin to temper and enrich your value preferences as you
ask, “How can I courageously be a servant leader?” Asking this question
allows you to embody the virtues of your role in service to your community,
leading with humility and compassion.
Your Justification for Acting is the reason you give yourself and others to explain your choice.
Your justification for acting is “It was a hard call, but as a leader I had no choice.”
You like to explain your choices by explaining that your position left you with
only one ethical option. As a leader, you evaluated the situation, took stock of
all the options, and then consulted your conscience for reasonableness to
make a choice that not only embodies the virtues required by the role but
supports others in the community as well.
At your best, your decision will be thoughtful and consider the expectations of
everyone involved. You’ll also embrace the responsibilities of your role as you
make decisions and take action. If you are not reflective, you may take on the
language of leadership but not consider those outside of your circle of
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influence, giving an aura of authority to your actions—when you really acted
to take care of yourself and your friends.
Strengths of the Reputation Lens
The ethical perspective of the Reputation Lens has been used by many over
thousands of years to provide a personal map toward ethical action and
personal fulfillment. Using this perspective, each person is expected to be in
active dialogue with others to determine their shared ethical commitments.
Striving to embody the agreed upon competencies of excellence provides a
strategy for energizing action, finding a purpose in life, and getting along well
with others.
Your Gift is the insight you provide yourself and others as we seek to be ethical.
Your gift is compassion.
As you reflect on the traits of those who are ethical role models, you are able
to cultivate your personal virtues while being an effective part of the
community. In the process, you bring balance and perspective to your
decisions. As you fold empathy into your understanding of your role, you
become compassionate and develop a sensitive conscience. You are able to
articulate options for action that support both the community and individuals.
Finally, as you gain ethical maturity, you bring gentleness and fortitude to the
conversation. You know the world will not change overnight and patience will
win out.
Your Contemporary Value is the current ethical value you most
clearly embody.
Your contemporary value is a life well-lived.
You are studiously committed to identifying and embodying the virtues of your
role. That commitment, however, privileges equality—the right of people to
live in a community that holds shared standards of what a good life entails.
You consider the virtues and character members of the community expect
from someone in your role.
As you move from private action to public policy, you begin to question
traditions that have become outdated and don’t reflect the virtues in the new
circumstances of the community. As you consider others, you participate in
the shaping of community expectations, no longer following unquestioningly
but bringing your own wisdom to the fore. At your best, you lead your
community to an ever-greater understanding of good character and virtuous
living.
Your Secondary Values are those that logically flow from your primary values.
As you harmonize equality and sensibility, your secondary values focus on embracing virtuous living to support a life of service.
For you, walking the Path of the Saint involves living into the values
of
integrity
and
civility
. You tell the truth and respect the inherent dignity of
others. You are
courageous
, adhering to your virtues even when doing so isn’t
easy and holding others accountable for the expectations of their roles.
Finally, you strive to
be a servant leader
, giving the interests of the community
and others priority over even your own needs and desires, for you know that a
community is only as strong as its weakest member.
Challenges of the Reputation Lens
One of the greatest challenges of the Reputation Lens is recognizing that you
can never be perfect. The ideal vision of your role is something to aspire to,
but as a human, you regularly make decisions that fall short of living into
those virtues.
Those who have a mild preference for sensibility and a considered preference
for equality, are susceptible to the ethical blind spots of the Reputation Lens
that come from relying too strongly on community consensus and seeing
people only as the roles they inhabit, not as human beings.
Using the camera of the Reputation Lens to honestly examine how you are
living into the virtues of your role helps avoid ethical blind spots that come
from a lack of compassion.
Your Blind Spot is the place you are not ethically aware and so
may unintentionally make an ethical misstep.
Your blind spot is unrealistic role expectations.
Because you are committed to living into the community’s definition of a
virtuous citizen, if you aren't careful, you can become overly influenced by the
expectations of your various communities and set unrealistic role expectations
for yourself. Believing you can solve everyone’s problems, you risk forgetting
that others are responsible for their own choices.
Without clearly looking at the benefits that come solely because of your role,
you might think you deserve special treatment. Without clear thinking, you
also may not accurately assess your effectiveness in your various roles.
Finally, as you identify yourself more as an embodiment of your role and
reputation and less as a person who may make mistakes, you may become
afraid someone will discover you’ve been faking it the whole time.
Your Risk is where you may be overbearing by expecting that people think just like you.
Your risk is being tempted to play the martyr.
Without a clear understanding of your role, you may find yourself playing the
martyr by talking about how much you have sacrificed your own desires to
meet the perceived needs of others, even in seemingly small ways. This
seeming self-effacing behavior is a form of self-righteousness, where you
expect accolades for every accomplishment. Believing yourself to be
responsible for everyone who makes a demand of you, you may ignore gentle
prompts to thoughtfully consider how people are responsible for themselves.
Effectively living within the value priorities of the Reputation Lens requires a
measure of humility as you engage in conversation with others about what
counts for excellence as a human person within your chosen roles, while
being ever mindful of the interplay between being an individual within a
community.
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Your Double Standard is the rationalization you use to justify unethical actions.
Your double standard could be entitlement, where you believe that your status entitles you to perks not available to
others.
Humans are skilled at deflecting blame if caught being unethical—taking
actions that do not live into their own stated principles and thus eroding trust
in the community. As you view the world through the Reputation Lens, you
begin to judge others by how well they meet the virtues of their role and
standards of ethical excellence as determined by the community.
When you are tempted to be unethical, you will use your role as a means to
get ahead, considering yourself
entitled
to benefits based on your position.
Puffing yourself up, you believe you
are
your position. In the process, you risk
losing your personal authenticity as well as the respect you crave from the
community.
Your Vice is the quality of being that could result in you being intentionally or carelessly lured into unethical action.
Your vice could be becoming hard of heart and running roughshod over individuals.
While unethical action can come from being unaware, humans also have
moral flaws that, if not acknowledged, may turn unethical choices into habits.
Because you only mildly prefer sensibility, you may have twinges of the vices
of arrogance and hardness of heart. Without humility and compassion, you
can become convinced that you are more virtuous than others.
With a considered preference for equality, you risk falling prey to the vices of
cowardice and a lack of integrity. Without awareness and reflection, you can
seek to avoid the hard demands of your role instead finding reasons that
others in the community must do the job instead.
Your Crisis is the circumstance that causes you to stop and evaluate your ethical choices.
Your crisis could be confusion, precipitated by trying to be all
things to all people and losing your own ethical center.
Not only can unethical behavior come from a lack of personal awareness, but
stress and pressure can also contribute to bad choices.
As you continue to walk the Path of the Saint, you will at some point face a
personal crisis as you acknowledge your inability to demonstrate excellence
in the many roles you've taken on. Believing all things are possible if you try
hard enough, you run the risk of turning your commitment into an
overwhelming responsibility. As you become more and more frazzled, you fail
to make or follow through on your commitments, greatly diminishing your
effectiveness.
With your effectiveness in question, the community may start removing you
from those roles—you might lose a job or alienate a friend. With each role
taken away, part of your ethical core is lost in the process.
Strategies for Ethical Agility and Ethical Maturity
Resolving ethical conflict is an ongoing as well as challenging task. Because
our personal morals and community ethics come from our deeply held values,
we must approach the problems mindfully. Great self-knowledge helps us
identify the values that are in conflict. Listening respectfully to others as they
express their preferred course of action based on their core values also helps.
Seeking harmony between our personal expectations and the behavior that
the community rewards enhances ethical effectiveness and leads to ethical
maturity, the ability to live in personal integrity while respecting the value
priorities of and caring for both other individuals and the community as a
whole.
Ethical agility is measured by our ability to use all four ethical lenses
effectively. We develop ethical agility as we practice looking at the world
through different ethical lenses, become more aware of the places where we
are tempted to be unethical, and remember to ask the core questions that
define each ethical perspective.
Follow the checklist for action
Ethical courage involves not just analyzing and reflecting—but also taking
action. Pausing to check a proposed action against the value priorities of
Reputation Lens is a good final step for people from every ethical perspective.
Using the checklist from each lens ensures a balanced decision, one that
considers the core values and commitment of each lens.
•
Be compassionate as you align your actions with your core virtues.
Being ethical means embodying your core virtues as you serve others.
•
Consider the roles of individuals as well as the reputation of the larger
community. The goal is to make sure each person’s role is respected,
their mandate for action is clear, and they are equipped to fulfill their role
with excellence.
•
Seek excellence in all you do. Entitlement is the enemy of ethical action.
By consistently working to improve, you will develop the habits of
excellence leading to a good character.
As you become skilled at using your ethical camera to create the perfect
images of yourself and others, you will find yourself in good company with
others who follow the Path of the Saint on their journey through life.
Develop ethical agility
Ethical agility is the ability to use all four ethical lenses—and the center
perspective—effectively. You become more ethically agile as you practice
looking at the world through different ethical lenses, become more aware of
the places where you are tempted to be unethical, and remember to ask the
core questions that define each ethical perspective.
Recognize the language of the different lenses
As you read about different approaches to ethics, you can pick up the subtle
clues to other people’s ethical perspectives by the words they choose to
describe the problems and the reasons for their proposed course of action. To
learn more about the other ethical lenses, read the information about each
ethical lens under the tab
Ethical Lenses
on the menu bar or review the
descriptions of the ethical traits for each lens under the tab
Traits.
You can
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also print the document “Overview Four Ethical Lenses” found under
the
Ethical Lens
tab to have a quick reference guide to all four ethical
perspectives.
Use all the ethical perspectives
Each ethical lens has a unique perspective on both the way to solve a
problem as well as the specific characteristics of the most appropriate
solution. To learn more about how each ethical perspective approaches
ethical dilemmas, click Lens in the top navigation bar and read through the
descriptions of each ethical lens.
Ethical agility is the first step towards ethical maturity, a life-long process of
becoming ever more self-aware and learning how to move with dignity and
grace in our community. As we move from fear into confidence, from thinking
only of our self to considering others and the community as a whole, we gain
ethical wisdom—a primary task of life as we seek that which is True and Good
to find the Beautiful.
If you want to learn more about the how to understand and effectively use
your ethical profile, please refer to
The Ethical Self,
by Catharyn Baird and
Jeannine Niacaris (2016).
Rewrite this Essay with changes made to replace the results of the ESI in the new essay to inlcude information of ELI results below.
A. Ethical Leader
A1. Ethical Traits & A2. Ethical Conduct
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. pursued an endless fight for equality and civil rights amongst all walks of life. The two most significant ethical traits he possessed were determination and integrity. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. regularly demonstrated determination by relentlessly pursuing what was fair and not giving up until all persons were treated equally, regardless of their race, color, or national origin. He continued to fight for what he believed in even after being attacked and imprisoned numerous times for
non-violent speeches and protests. “Integrity is an indispensable moral virtue that includes acting withhonesty, fairness, and decency. Integrity is revealed when people act virtuously regardless of circumstance or consequences” (University of Texas McCombs School of Business, 2022). Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. demonstrated unimaginable integrity when he gave his life to continue the fight for fairness, equality, and civil rights for all.
B. Dilemma Analysis
There are two main theories in ethics, Deontological and Consequentialism. “Deontological ethics focuses on the idea that certain actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of their consequences. On the other hand, Consequentialist ethics holds that the rightness or wrongness of an action isdetermined by its consequences” (Villamarin Rodriguez, 2023). Deontological ethics believes we all have a moral duty in society regardless of the outcome and consequences of our decision and behaviors. Consequentialist ethics is the opposite and believes that we should act in whatever manner has the best overall outcome on society. In the scenario provided, a deontologist would believe not divulging the risk of potential serious and lethal infections that has occurred in a small number of patients is morally wrong and would feel obligated to report it. Even though the injection is helping a far greater number of patients than it is harming, they would place the potential for injuries and death ahead of their own interests and report the situation, regardless of the consequences. A consequentialist in this scenario would
feel differently and would not reportthe situation. Since the potential serious and lethal infection has only occurred in a small number of patients and is helping a significantly higher number of patients than it is harming, they would not report the situation since the injection is helping the overall wellbeing of society more than it is harming
C. Levels of Cognitive Moral Development
1. Which action would more likely serve the greater good in society? Postconventional moral ethics best fits this scenario. People at this level of development believe what decides right or wrong should be based on what best serves the greater good for society, even if it is against the law. 2. If I reveal this information, will I get into trouble and possibly even lose my job? Pre-conventional moral development aligns with this scenario. At the pre-conventional level of moral development, a person makes decisions based on direct consequences and what will avoid punishment. If they feel they
will get into trouble and lose their job, they will make their decision in whatever manner best protects them.
3. Which action best aligns with my long-held belief in the principle of justice? Post-conventional moral development best fits this scenario. “People at this level of morality have their own ethical principles and values and don’ just do what society tells them to do. At this level, people think about what is fair, what is just and what values are important” (Mcleod, 2023)
4. What do the laws say, and what would the law-abiding citizen do? This scenario best aligns with conventional moral development. People at this stage of moral development base their decisions on what is right or wrong according to social norms. They believe in law and order and the importance of following the rules.
5. If I keep quiet, will I get some kind of reward? This question best aligns with pre-8conventional moral development. Pre-conventional moral development is usually present at a young age where people make decisions based on self-interest versus making decisions based on what is right or wrong. Their self-interest is focused on the reward for their behavior which guides their decision to remain quiet and receive their reward
D. Ethical Lens Inventory
D1. Preferred Ethical Lens
According to my Ethical Lens Inventory, my preferred ethical lens is blended responsibilities and relationships. I use my personal reasoning skills and rationality to balance between my personal principles of autonomy and building a fair and equal community. D1A. Different Settings
1.
My value preferences place me between both the Responsible Lens and the Relationship Lens. People with a Responsible Lens tend to focus on their right to be autonomous and make decisions based on living their principles.People with a Relationship Lens focus on having strong relationships and helping those that do not have the necessary resources they may need to help themselves. With my value preferences placing me between these two lenses, I believe everyone has the right to make decisions and choose how they want to live unless it has a negative impact on my community and society as a whole. Some situations in my life tend to influence my ethical lens. For example, in the social and community setting, I tend to lean closer to the relationship lens and focus on those in my community, especially those without power. In the work setting, I lean more towards the responsible lens and being rational. I bring reason and vision to help contribute to the overall success of my organization. In the home setting, I tend to lean more toward the relationship lens and make decisions based on how it will
affect my family’s relationship and the responsibility I must protect it.
D2. Primary Value and Classical Value
My primary value is rationality. It is between both the Responsibility Lens and the Relationship Lens, and I have no preference between autonomy
and equality. My classic virtues balances prudence and justice. I strive to make wise decisions and ensure that there is equality in the community, and everyone is treated fairly. I strive to always consider everyone’s principles and use them in my commitment to justice and fairness in the community. D2A. Comparison to Values Two personal values I have are kindness and compassion. My first personal value of kindness means being generous and always helping others without expecting anything in return. It can be compared to my primary value of rationality because having a relationship lens and being rational allows me to focus on forming strong relationships and being kind to those in
my community, especially those without power. My second personal value of
compassion means being sensitive to the pain and suffering of others. It can
be compared to my classical virtue of justice because I am sensitive to the pain and suffering of those that are not treated as equals. I listen with my heart and make decisions based on what will ensure everyone in the community gets equal and fair treatment.
D3. Risk
My risk is the potential of being autocratic or authoritarian. I am aware
of this risk as it has led to disagreements with others in the past. Believing that I know what is right, I can tend to have difficulty understanding when others do not feel the same way. If I forget to remain humble and always feel
that my way is the best way, it will result in me becoming autocratic. Two personal values I have are kindness and compassion. My first personal value of kindness means being generous and always helping others
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without expecting anything in return. It can be compared to my primary value of rationality because having a relationship lens and being rational allows me to focus on forming strong relationships and being kind to those in
my community, especially those without power. My second personal value of
compassion means being sensitive to the pain and suffering of others. It can
be compared to my classical virtue of justice because I am sensitive to the pain and suffering of those that are not treated as equals. I listen with my heart and make decisions based on what will ensure everyone in the community gets equal and fair treatment.
D3. Risk
My risk is the potential of being autocratic or authoritarian. I am aware
of this risk as it has led to disagreements with others in the past. Believing that I know what is right, I can tend to have difficulty understanding when others do not feel the same way. If I forget to remain humble and always feel
that my way is the best way, it will result in me becoming autocratic. D3A. Making Better Ethical Decisions
There are ways that I can help to avoid the risk of becoming autocratic or authoritarian. Two ways I have learned to avoid and overcome this risk is by listening to others and being open to considering their opinions, even if they differ from mine. I have learned to realize that I may not always be
right. Understanding this allows me to remain humble and treat everyone fairly by helping them feel that their opinions are just as important as mine. D4. Professional Use of ELI
Leaders in the workplace often end up becoming autocratic and think that their opinions and decisions are always right. While front line employees are not members of the management team that make higher level business decisions, that does not mean that they do not have valuable input, deserve to be treated fairly, and feel as though they have a voice in the decisions and success of the company. I will use the results of the ELI to ensure that I avoid becoming this kind of leader at all costs. I will focus on remaining humble and listen to the opinions of my peers and others across the organization. The best leaders are fair and take others’ opinions into account before making the best possible decisions. I will strive to ensure that others feel comfortable approaching me and that I am always acting as a strong and ethical leader. References
Waters, S. (2022, October 22). What is a leader, what do they do, and how do
you become one?. BetterUp. https://www.betterup.com/blog/what-is-a-leader-and-
how-do-you-become-one
What is Ethical Leadership?. Villanovau.com. (2022, September 9). https://www.villanovau.com/resources/leadership/what-is-ethical-leadership/
University of Texas McCombs School of Business. (2022, November 5). Integrity. Ethics Unwrapped.
https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/integrity
The Herald Star. (2014, February 17). The many qualities of dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s leadership. heraldstaronline.com. https://www.heraldstaronline.com/news/local-news/2014/02/the-many-qualities-of-dr-
martin-luther-king-jr-s-leadership/#:~:text=showed%20respect%20and%20honesty
%20by,what%20he%20was%20fighting%20for.
Villamarin Rodriguez, R. (2023, January 23). The Great Ethics Debate: Deontology vs. consequentialism (a completely pointless exercise?). LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/great-ethics-debate-deontology-vs-
consequentialism-raul/?trk=pulse-article_more-articles_related-content-card