NCOM STUDY
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School
NorQuest College *
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Course
NCOM1000
Subject
Communications
Date
Feb 20, 2024
Type
docx
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14
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UNIT ONE: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION
1. Define Communication:
Communication is the process of sending and receiving messages through various
channels, including verbal and nonverbal means, with the goal of sharing
information, thoughts, and feelings between individuals or groups. Effective
communication requires both the sender and the receiver to understand and
interpret messages accurately.
2. Explain the importance of communication in nursing:
Communication is critical in nursing because it is the foundation for building
relationships with patients, their families, and other healthcare professionals.
Effective communication enables nurses to understand the patient's needs and
concerns, provide appropriate care, and coordinate care among healthcare team
members. Poor communication can lead to misunderstandings, medical errors, and
negative patient outcomes.
3. Describe the different levels of communication:
The different levels of communication include intrapersonal communication
(communication with oneself), interpersonal communication (communication
between two or more people), and group communication (communication between
members of a group).
4. Explain the elements of the communication process:
The elements of the communication process include the sender (person who sends
the message), the message (information being communicated), the channel
(method of communication), the receiver (person who receives the message),
feedback (response to the message), and context (environment in which
communication occurs).
5. Examine factors that influence communication:
Factors that can influence communication include culture, language, age, gender,
physical and emotional state, and environmental factors such as noise or
distractions.
6. Define therapeutic and non-therapeutic communication:
Therapeutic communication is the process of interacting with patients in a way
that promotes healing and is patient-centered. It involves active listening, empathy,
and respect for the patient's feelings and preferences. Non-therapeutic
communication, on the other hand, is communication that can hinder the
therapeutic relationship or impede the patient's recovery. This type of
communication can include non-judgmental responses, unsolicited advice, or
closed-ended questions.
7. Explain different therapeutic communication strategies and skills:
Therapeutic communication strategies and skills include active listening, open-
ended questions, clarification, reflection, empathy, and validation. Active listening
involves paying attention to the patient, acknowledging their feelings, and
providing feedback. Open-ended questions encourage patients to share their
thoughts and feelings, while clarification involves seeking further information to
clarify what the patient is saying. Reflection involves paraphrasing the patient's
words to show that you understand them, and empathy involves putting yourself in
the patient's shoes. Validation involves acknowledging the patient's feelings and
experiences as legitimate and important.
8. Examine how categories of communication (verbal, non-verbal, touch, proxemics) can facilitate effective communication:
Different categories of communication can facilitate effective communication in nursing. Verbal communication can be used to convey information and establish rapport, nonverbal communication such as facial expressions and body language can convey emotions and attitudes, touch can convey care and support, and proxemics (use of personal space) can convey respect for cultural differences.
9. Describe barriers to the development of effective communication:
Barriers to effective communication in nursing can include language barriers, cultural differences, sensory impairment, emotional factors such as anxiety or fear,
and environmental factors such as noise or distractions.
10. Identify factors and actions to reduce barriers to communication:
Strategies to reduce communication barriers include using interpreters or translators, providing written or visual aids, being aware of cultural differences and using appropriate communication techniques, and creating a quiet and private environment for communication
.
11. Describe active listening resources used in effective communication
Active listening responses are techniques used to show that the listener is engaged
and interested in what the speaker is saying. These include paraphrasing (restating
what was said in your own words), summarizing (recapping the main points),
reflecting (repeating back the speaker's feelings), and clarifying (asking for more
information).
12. Compare different communication styles:
Different communication styles include passive, aggressive, and assertive
communication. Passive communication involves avoiding conflict and not
expressing one's needs or feelings. Aggressive communication involves expressing
needs or feelings in a confrontational or hostile manner. Assertive communication
involves expressing needs or feelings in a clear and respectful manner while
respecting the needs and feelings of others
.
13. Identify ways of providing constructive feedback:
Constructive feedback involves providing feedback that is specific, objective, and
actionable, while also being respectful and supportive and providing feedback as
soon as the action occurred. Ways to provide constructive feedback include using
"I" statements, focusing on specific behaviours or actions, not the person, and
offering suggestions for improvement.
14
. Summarize the importance of receiving feedback
Receiving feedback is important because it helps individuals to identify their strengths and weaknesses, improve their performance, and enhance their interpersonal relationships. It can also help to increase self-awareness, build trust, and promote a culture of learning and continuous improvement. Receiving feedback can be challenging, but it is an essential part of personal and professional
growth.
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UNIT TWO: Establishing Effective Communication in the Nurse-
Client Relationship
1.
Define the therapeutic nurse-client relationship: A therapeutic nurse-client relationship is a professional relationship between a
nurse and a client that is built on trust, respect, and empathy with the goal of
promoting the client's health and well-being.
2.
Describe the core concepts of the nurse-client relationship
: The core concepts of the nurse-client relationship include respect, trust, empathy,
genuineness, and active listening.
3.
Examine the CLPNA competency profile to determine the roles and responsibilities of the nurse in the therapeutic nurse-client relationship: The CLPNA competency profile outlines the roles and responsibilities of the nurse
in the therapeutic nurse-client relationship, including establishing and maintaining
boundaries, providing client-centered care, using effective communication,
collaborating with the client, and advocating for the client's rights and needs.
4.
Describe and identify relational practice competencies that advance the therapeutic nurse-client relationship: Relational practice competencies that advance the therapeutic nurse-client
relationship include listening actively, asking open-ended questions,
demonstrating empathy, and engaging in self-observation and sensitivity to
emotional contexts. And also involves practicing mutuality and reciprocity.
mutuality refers to the nurse and client working together as equal partners to
achieve common goals. It involves the nurse valuing the client's input and
involving them in the decision-making process. Reciprocity, on the other hand,
refers to the exchange of thoughts, feelings, and information between the nurse
and client in a respectful and meaningful way. It involves the nurse being attentive
to the client's needs, feelings, and concerns and responding appropriately.
5.
Identify when it is appropriate to utilize self-disclosure within the nurse-
client relationship: It is appropriate to utilize self-disclosure within the nurse-client relationship when
it is relevant to the client's needs and goals, and when it does not interfere with the
professional boundaries of the relationship.
6.
Describe how client-centred care contributes to the development of the therapeutic nurse-client relationship:
Client-centred care contributes to the development of the therapeutic nurse-client
relationship by placing the client at the center of care and involving them in
decision-making, respecting their values and preferences, and addressing their
unique needs and concerns.
7.
Analyze actions that promote client centered communication: Actions that promote client-centered communication include active listening,
using open-ended questions, clarifying and summarizing the client's concerns,
providing relevant and understandable information, and addressing the client's
emotional needs.
8.
Describe the role of self-management in the nurse-client relationship: The role of self-management in the nurse-client relationship involves the nurse
being aware of their own emotions, thoughts, and biases, and managing them
appropriately to avoid influencing the client's decision-making or violating
professional boundaries.
9.
Summarize the importance of and ways to maintain professional boundaries within the nurse-client relationship: Maintaining professional boundaries is crucial in the nurse-client relationship to
establish trust, promote the client's autonomy, and prevent harm. Ways to maintain
professional boundaries include setting clear limits, avoiding dual relationships
(dual relationships refer to situations where the nurse has a relationship with the
client that extends beyond the therapeutic boundaries of the nurse-client
relationship), being aware of power differentials, and seeking supervision and
support when needed.
10.Describe motivational interviewing in nursing: Motivational interviewing is a client-centred counselling approach that aims to
elicit and strengthen the client's motivation and commitment to behaviour change
by exploring their ambivalence and resolving their resistance. It involves using
open-ended questions, affirmations, reflections, and summaries to facilitate the
client's exploration of their own goals and values.
UNIT THREE: DIVERSITY
1.
Define culture:
Culture refers to the shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, and
artifacts that characterize a group or society. It encompasses everything that
a person learns from their family, community, and wider social
environment, including their language, religion, traditions, and ways of
interacting with others. Culture is not limited to nationality or ethnicity but
can also be influenced by factors such as gender, age, socioeconomic status,
and sexual orientation.
2.
Explain cultural competence:
Cultural competence is the ability to provide effective healthcare services
to individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds, understanding their
cultural beliefs, values, and practices.
3.
Determine how culture is learned:
Culture is learned through socialization, education, and observation of
others' beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.
4.
Describe the influence of culture on communication
:
Culture influences communication by shaping individuals' language,
communication style, and nonverbal communication. It affects how
individuals interpret messages, their attitudes towards communication, and
their expectations of communication.
5.
Summarize how nurses can create an environment of cultural safety:
Nurses can create an environment of cultural safety( Cultural safety refers
to creating an environment in which individuals feel safe, respected, and
valued, regardless of their cultural background) by recognizing and
respecting diversity, avoiding stereotypes and biases, promoting cultural
humility, and providing patient-centred care that considers cultural beliefs,
values, and practices.
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6.
Identify characteristics and challenges when communicating with others from a variety of cultural backgrounds:
Characteristics of communicating with others from a variety of cultural
backgrounds include language barriers, differences in communication
styles, and varying levels of health literacy. Challenges include
misinterpretation of messages, stereotypes and biases, and lack of cultural
knowledge.
7.
Identify factors that are detrimental to a climate of inclusion and client-
centred care:
Factors that are detrimental to a climate of inclusion and client-centred care
include stereotypes and biases, lack of cultural competence, and lack of
awareness of individual differences and needs.
8.
Identify and explain communication strategies that create a climate of inclusion:
Communication strategies that create a climate of inclusion include active
listening, using open-ended questions, avoiding stereotypes and biases,
acknowledging, and respecting individual differences, and providing patient-
centred care that considers cultural beliefs, values, and practices.
9.
Describe the relational definition of culture:
Examine the impact of colonization on communication within Indigenous
communities: Colonization has had a profound impact on communication
within Indigenous communities. It has disrupted traditional ways of
communication, led to the loss of languages, and resulted in cultural
trauma. As a result, communication between Indigenous and non-
Indigenous peoples can be challenging, and it requires sensitivity and
awareness of historical and cultural contexts.
10.Describe the process of reflection used to examine nursing practice:
Reflection is a process of examining one's own experiences, thoughts, and
actions to gain insight and improve practice. It involves critical thinking,
self-awareness, and self-evaluation. In nursing practice, reflection can help
nurses identify areas for improvement, gain a deeper understanding of the
patient's experience, and enhance their own communication and
interpersonal skills.
11.Examine how to engage with humility within Indigenous communities:
Engaging with humility within Indigenous communities involves
recognizing and respecting Indigenous knowledge and ways of knowing. It
requires setting aside assumptions and preconceived notions, being open to
learning, and engaging in dialogue with Indigenous peoples. It also
involves acknowledging the ongoing impact of colonization and the need
for reconciliation.
12.Demonstrate culturally safe communication:
Culturally safe communication involves creating a safe and respectful
environment that recognizes and values cultural diversity. It requires an
awareness of one's own cultural biases and the ability to adapt
communication style to meet the needs of the individual or group. This
includes active listening, acknowledging and validating cultural differences,
and avoiding assumptions or stereotypes. It also involves recognizing and
addressing power imbalances and working towards equity and social
justice.
UNIT FOUR: Communication in Unique situations
1.
Explain the Communication deficit:
Communication deficit refers to a situation where an individual has trouble in
expressing their thoughts or understanding what others are saying. This can result
from a variety of factors, including hearing or vision impairments, cognitive
deficits, language barriers, or neurological condition such as stroke or dementia.
2.
Describe communication strategies for clients experiencing unique communication needs:
For clients with visual impairments, healthcare professionals can use strategies
such as providing written materials in large print, using high-contrast colours, and
using tactile cues to convey information. Additionally, verbal descriptions and
explanations can be provided to supplement visual information.
For clients with hearing impairments, healthcare professionals can use strategies
such as speaking clearly and facing the individual while speaking, using sign
language interpreters, or captioning services, and using assistive devices such as
hearing aids or amplifiers. In cases where the individual is unable to hear at all, it
is recommended to use written communication, visual aids, and tactile cues to
convey information.
For clients with cognitive deficits, communication strategies can include breaking
down information into smaller parts, using concrete examples and visual aids, and
using simple language that is easy to understand. It is also suggested to use active
listening techniques, such as reflecting back on what the client has said and
clarifying misunderstandings, to ensure that the message is being understood
.
3.
Describe strategies for communicating with clients experiencing stimuli-
related and treatment-related challenges:
In cases where clients are experiencing stimuli-related or treatment-related challenges, healthcare professionals can use a range of strategies to improve communication. For example, patients who are in pain or experiencing discomfort may have difficulty focusing on verbal communication, so healthcare professionals can use nonverbal communication such as touch or facial expressions to convey empathy and support. t is also important for healthcare
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professionals to explain the treatment process to the patient in a clear and concise manner, using simple language and visual aids where appropriate. This can help to
reduce anxiety and improve the patient's understanding of the procedure.
Additionally, healthcare professionals can create a more welcoming and comfortable environment for patients by adjusting lighting, temperature, and noise
levels to suit the individual's preferences.
UNIT FIVE: Communication for Reporting and Documentation
Documentation
1.
Identify the purposes of effective documentation in nursing:
Effective documentation is essential in nursing for several purposes, including:
Communication: Documentation provides a means of communication between healthcare professionals about the care provided to the patient, the patient's progress, and any changes in the patient's condition.
Legal and regulatory requirements: Documentation serves as a legal record of the care provided to the patient and is often required for regulatory purposes.
Quality improvement: Documentation can be used to identify areas for improvement in the care provided and to track progress in achieving quality improvement goals.
Reimbursement: Documentation is often required for reimbursement purposes, such as billing for services provided.
2.
Describe the client chart as a legal document of client care:
The client chart is a legal document that provides a comprehensive record of the care provided to the patient. It includes information such as the patient's medical history, assessment findings, treatment plans, medications, and progress notes. The
client chart serves as a legal record of the care provided and can be used as evidence in legal proceedings.
3.
Describe quality guidelines of documentation including error correction:
Quality guidelines for documentation include ensuring that the documentation is accurate, complete, timely, and legible. Healthcare professionals should also ensure that the documentation reflects the patient's care needs, preferences, and goals. In terms of error correction, healthcare professionals should never erase or remove information from the patient's chart. Instead, they should make a note of the error and provide a clear and concise correction.
4.
Examine common documentation systems (e.g., tick, narrative, exception, electronic):
Common documentation systems used in nursing include tick charting, which involves marking boxes or circles on a pre-printed form to indicate care provided, narrative charting, which involves writing descriptive notes about the patient's condition and care provided, and exception charting, which involves documenting only significant changes or exceptions to the patient's care plan. Electronic documentation systems are also becoming increasingly common and may include features such as drop-down menus, checklists, and templates to facilitate documentation.
5.
Identify appropriate abbreviations for documentation and abbreviations that can lead to error:
Healthcare professionals should use standardized abbreviations when documenting
patient care to ensure accuracy and avoid errors. Examples of appropriate abbreviations include mg (milligrams), mL (milliliters), and PO (by mouth). Abbreviations that can lead to errors should be avoided, such as U (which can be mistaken for a zero or a four), QD (which can be mistaken for QID), and MS (which can be mistaken for morphine sulfate or magnesium sulfate). It is important
for healthcare professionals to be aware of their organization's policies and guidelines regarding the use of abbreviations in documentation
.
REPORTING
1.
Identify the importance of reporting and ways to promote effective communication for reporting:
Reporting is an essential component of nursing practice that promotes continuity of care and ensures patient safety. Effective communication is crucial to successful
reporting, and ways to promote effective communication include using clear, concise language, active listening, and avoiding assumptions. Additional ways to promote effective communication during reporting include using standardized tools such as SBAR, using open-ended questions to gather information, and providing feedback.
2.
Describe information to report during change-of-shift report, when processing an order, when transferring a client, and to members of the interdisciplinary healthcare team in a professional manner:
Change-of-shift report: Information to report during change-of-shift report includes the patient's medical history, current condition, medications, treatment plans, and any significant changes or events that occurred during the previous shift.
When processing an order: Information to report when processing an order includes the order details, such as medication name, dose, route, and frequency, as well as any relevant patient information or contraindications.
When transferring a client: Information to report when transferring a client includes the patient's medical history, current condition, treatment plans, and any pending orders or follow-up appointments.
To members of the interdisciplinary healthcare team: Information to report to members of the interdisciplinary healthcare team may vary depending on the specific team members involved, but generally includes relevant patient information and updates on the patient's condition and progress.
3.
Explain SBAR as a standardized communication tool and how it enhances communication in healthcare:
SBAR is a standardized communication tool that stands for Situation, Background,
Assessment, and Recommendation. It is commonly used in healthcare to promote
effective communication and improve patient safety. SBAR provides a structured
framework for healthcare professionals to communicate relevant information
about a patient's condition, including the current situation, pertinent background
information, their assessment of the patient's condition, and recommendations for
next steps. SBAR enhances communication in healthcare by ensuring that
information is communicated clearly and concisely, reducing the risk of
miscommunication and errors.
4.
Describe the purpose of an incident report:
The purpose of an incident report is to document any adverse events, errors, or near misses that occur during patient care. Incident reports are used to identify areas for improvement in patient care and to develop strategies to prevent future occurrences. They also serve as a legal record of the event and can be used in legal
proceedings.
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5.
Compare and contrast components of reporting that promote effective communication and decrease miscommunication:
Components of reporting that promote effective communication include using clear, concise language, active listening, and avoiding assumptions. Standardized communication tools such as SBAR also promote effective communication by providing a structured framework for communicating relevant information. On the other hand, components of reporting that can lead to miscommunication include using vague or ambiguous language, making assumptions, and failing to actively listen or provide feedback. It is important for healthcare professionals to be aware of these potential pitfalls and to take steps to promote effective communication and reduce the risk of miscommunication.
DIGITAL AND ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS
1. DIGITAL AND ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS
Describe
components of digital health and communication technology (electronic
documentation):
Digital health and communication technology includes a variety of tools and platforms used in healthcare, including electronic health records (EHRs), telehealth, mobile health (mHealth) apps, and other digital communication tools. Electronic documentation is a key component of digital health, enabling healthcare
professionals to create, store, and access patient information electronically.
2.
Explore the benefits and limitations of electronic health records:
Electronic health records (EHRs) offer a number of benefits, including improved accuracy and completeness of documentation, better coordination of care among healthcare providers, and increased efficiency and productivity. EHRs can also facilitate data sharing and analysis for research and quality improvement purposes.
However, EHRs also have limitations, such as potential technical issues, privacy and security concerns, and the need for ongoing staff training and support.
3.
Describe the legal aspects of documenting in electronic records:
Electronic documentation is subject to the same legal and regulatory requirements as paper-based documentation. Healthcare professionals must ensure that electronic documentation is complete, accurate, and timely, and that it meets the standards set by regulatory bodies and professional organizations. In addition, electronic documentation must comply with privacy and security laws, such as the
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the United States.
4.
Describe privacy concerns with digital communication:
Digital communication in healthcare raises privacy concerns, as electronic information can be easily accessed or intercepted without appropriate safeguards in place. Healthcare professionals must take steps to protect patient privacy when using digital communication tools, such as ensuring secure transmission of information, using encryption where appropriate, and adhering to privacy and security regulations. Patients should also be informed of the risks and benefits of digital communication, and given the option to opt out if they have concerns about
privacy.