cf_theories_counseling_chart_Course_Revision (2)

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Theories of Counseling Chart As you progress through this course, you will create a Theories of Counseling Chart summarizing key aspects of each theory. As you review the theories each week in COUN 5239 – Theories for the Counseling Profession , respond to each theory’s corresponding questions in the document below. There is also a section for you to draft a statement reflecting your personal model of counseling. You will be able to refer to this personalized chart throughout your classes, into your practicum and internship, and as you prepare for your licensure exam. List of Theories  Reality Theory.  Feminist Theory.  Narrative Theory.  Solution-Focused Theory.  Family Systems Therapies.  Integrative Theory. Personal Model of Counseling In reading chapters 6-8, I really resonated with Reality Therapy. I agree that we are responsible for our display of behavior. I think it is important to focus on the future rather than the past when it comes to making behavior choices. Week 6: Reality Theory Key Concepts Who is primarily considered the proponent(s) or creator of reality theory? What are the philosophical assumptions and key concepts of this theory, including how and why people develop problems? Robert Wubbolding According to Wubbolding (2015), behavior sends messages of what we are doing. Reality therapy focuses on a relationship that is not there or is lacking. The client holds responsibility for themselves and has more control of their own behavior than they lead on. Wubbolding also states that the counseling environment is safe and empathy is present in order for clients to improve interpersonal relationships (Corey, 2022). C hoice theory insists that we are born with 5 characteristics that are essential for life. Those are survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun. Corey (2022) notes that our mind monitors our feelings to see if our satisfaction is being met. Choice theory states that all we do from birth to death is behave and those behaviors are chosen or generated within. According to Wubbolding, behavior sends messages of what we are doing. Theory of Change How can reality theory help a person overcome problems? What must a person do to improve mental health, wellness, and functioning? Reality therapy can help a client to focus on the present, work toward their future, and not reflect on the past. Clients taking responsibility for their own choices will have better behavior outcomes. Interventions What interventions or techniques does the counselor use to help bring about change? The WDEP (wants, doing, evaluation, planning) system helps individuals recognize their behaviors, becoming 1

aware of their wants, and their perception of the world (Wubbolding, 2015). School counselors can implement the WDEP system by setting up group activities where students engage with other students and build relationships with. Wubbolding (2015) believed that quality is the fundamental issue of education. He focused on creating a Quality School with a criteria where total learning competency was emphasized. Who Is in Charge? What Is the Role of the Client and the Counselor? What is the counselor responsible for in sessions? What is the client expected to do? Who takes the leading role in the interaction? The practitioner works to have the client focus on what they are doing themselves, rather than the practitioner. They assist clients in self assessing their own behaviors, actions, wants, and needs to develop an action plan and create the changes they desire. Clients are expected to stray from past experiences and symptoms, but instead on actions. Counselors often challenge the client as a part of self-evaluation for the client. Appropriateness for Diverse Populations Based on research, what is the appropriateness of the counseling theory for diverse populations (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, disability)? Be sure to format your sources in APA style. Counselors implementing reality therapy show respect for cultural values of clients and help them to identify how their behavior is satisfying to themselves and others. With this, clients can develop an action plan that aligns with their cultural beliefs and values. This is especially beneficial to those that have been acculturated to Western society. Scholarly Articles, Books, and Web Resources on the Theory From your own internet and library search, list web links for credible organizations supporting this counseling theory and references for scholarly articles and books providing evidence for its effectiveness. Be sure to format your sources in APA style. Corey, G. (2023). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (11th ed.). Cengage Learning US. https://capella.vitalsource.com/books/9780357764473 Wubbolding, R. E., & Brickell, J. (2015). Counselling with Reality Therapy . Speechmark Publishing Limited. Week 7: Feminist Theory Key Concepts Who is primarily considered the proponent(s) or creator of feminist theory? What are the philosophical assumptions and key concepts of this theory, including how and why people develop problems? There are no single founders of Feminist theory, rather a collective effort based on inclusion and can be traced back to the 1800s. It was originally created to improve mental health treatment for women. By the 1960s, the feminist movement made efforts when women began to voice their dissatisfaction of the role of females based on traditional standards. Feminist theory can be described as gender fair, multicultural, and life-span oriented (Corey, 2022), which can differentiate socialization processes between men and women, rather than innate natures. What was once described as therapy for women, by women, can now be expanded to individuals or groups regardless of age, gender, race, class, or sexual orientation. Theory of Change How can feminist theory help a person overcome problems? What must a person do to improve mental health, 2

wellness, and functioning? Feminist theory explores patriarchal social forms, oppression, and exploitation, and offers a way of understanding social life. Observation of how gender and racial inequality shape social and economic life are explored in feminist theory. Finding one’s voice, exploring activism, and individual practices to overcome social issues. Interventions What interventions or techniques does the counselor use to help bring about change? Empowerment-this intervention is tailored to each client and is the main goal of feminist therapy. Self-disclosure-establishes informed consent and involves the presence of the therapist brought to the session. Gender-role and Social Identity Analysis-helps clients to identify how their socialization plays a role in their behaviors, thoughts, and beliefs. Gender-role and Social role Intervention-focuses on society’s role in the situation. Power Analysis- helping women and others from marginalized groups understand their devalued position in society. Helps clients acknowledge power differences between sexes. Bibliotherapy-Using books about feminism and multicultural perspectives on social and common issues women face (like domestic violence, rape, incest, etc.) in which a woman would blame herself. Assertiveness training-promotion of assertive behavior for women to gain awareness of their interpersonal rights, stereotypes on gender roles, and promoting positive beliefs. Reframing and Relabeling-Reframing shifts negative beliefs about a situation happening to a victim from, thinking it is their fault, to environmental factors being the root of the problem. Relabeling changes the labels placed on certain behaviors (ex. Masculine and selfish to strong and independent. Social Action-clients are encouraged to join activist groups and become involved in social issues awareness to become empowered and find connections in personal experiences and the context of their lives. Who Is in Charge? What Is the Role of the Client and the Counselor? What is the counselor responsible for in sessions? What is the client expected to do? Who takes the leading role in the interaction? The counselor/client role is a collaborative effort in feminist therapy. The counselor works to be empathetic, emotionally available, and be open with their personal experiences to model positive and proactive behaviors. They are committed to understand oppression in all forms and the impact on one’s psychological well-being. They also set aside their own biases specifically with social and cultural dimensions that women experience (Corey, 2023). They provide a safe environment for the client free from judgment and impositions. Clients are encouraged to share their stories and experiences openly to empower their voice. Regardless of gender, a client is urged to express their emotions and determine what they want out of the therapeutic process. Appropriateness for Diverse Populations Based on research, what is the appropriateness of the counseling theory for diverse populations (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, disability)? Be sure to format your sources in APA style. 3

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Feminist therapy is the therapeutic approach that is most commonly with perspectives related to social and multicultural issues. People of color, multicultural and ethnic backgrounds, and certain gender identifications face oppression and discrimination on large scales and this approach aims to tackle those societal issues so those marginalized groups have more inclusion. It’s vital to understand the dynamics of one’s culture, with positive and negative relation. Scholarly Articles, Books, and Web Resources on the Theory From your own internet and library search, list web links for credible organizations supporting this counseling theory and references for scholarly articles and books providing evidence for its effectiveness. Be sure to format your sources in APA style. Bell, E., Merilainen, S., Taylor, S., & Tienari, J. (2019). Time’s up! Feminist theory and activism meets organization studies. SAGE , 72 (1), 4-22. Corey, G. (2023). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (11th ed.). Cengage Learning US. https://capella.vitalsource.com/books/9780357764473 Week 8: Narrative Theory Key Concepts Who is primarily considered the proponent(s) or creator of narrative theory? What are the philosophical assumptions and key concepts of this theory, including how and why people develop problems? Narrative therapy is strength-based and focuses on the collaboration between client and counselor to empower the client and help them find the way they want to live their life. Credit can be given to Michael White and David Epston, in which White (Corey, 2023) believed that individuals' interpretive stories construct meaning for their life and are seen as the truth. Theory of Change How can narrative help a person overcome problems? What must a person do to improve mental health, wellness, and functioning? Narrative therapy is process-oriented and focuses on externalizing and finding meaning in the problem to find something hidden (Conti et al., 2022). Language used by the client is prioritized in narrative therapy and clients are encouraged to describe experiences in a new language. Interventions What interventions or techniques does the counselor use to help bring about change? Questions-The use of questions opens dialogue to gather information about the client and how their problems emerged. Externalization- opens opportunities for new stories and empowers the client to face and handle their problems. Deconstruction- breaks down the problems and assumptions made about an event and identifies alternate possibilities for their life. Unique outcomes-The counselor has a discussion with the client about choices or successful moments regarding the problem, in which the client was able to have a positive outcome. 4

Who Is in Charge? What Is the Role of the Client and the Counselor? What is the counselor responsible for in sessions? What is the client expected to do? Who takes the leading role in the interaction? The relationship between client and counselor is collaborative and involves the counselor listening to the client’s stories to identify when times were resourceful for the client. The counselor does not diagnose or label the client and listens without judgment or shame (Corey, 2023). They help construct a preferred storyline The client is the expert in narrative therapy and is the author when they have authority to speak on their own behalf (Corey, 2023). Appropriateness for Diverse Populations Based on research, what is the appropriateness of the counseling theory for diverse populations (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, disability)? Be sure to format your sources in APA style. Narrative counseling is especially useful for multicultural groups because of its focus on sociocultural context. Problems are premised in social, cultural, and political contexts. It considers specific demographic issues and works to identify those problems. Scholarly Articles, Books, and Web Resources on the Theory From your own internet and library search, list web links for credible organizations supporting this counseling theory and references for scholarly articles and books providing evidence for its effectiveness. Be sure to format your sources in APA style. Conti, J., Heywood, L., Hay, P., Shrestha, R. M., & Parich, T. (2022). A systematic review of narrative therapy treatment outcomes for eating disorders—bridging the divide between practice-based evidence and evidence- based practice. Journal of eating disorders , 10 (138), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-022-00636-4 Corey, G. (2023). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy . Cengage Learning. Week 8: Solution-Focused Theory Key Concepts Who is primarily considered the proponent(s) or creator of solution-focused theory? What are the philosophical assumptions and key concepts of this theory, including how and why people develop problems? Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg at the Brief Family Therapy Center in Milwaukee in the early 1980s. It is a goal-oriented therapy that focuses on the future. It focuses on strengths of the client, establishes a helping relationship, and sets goals for the client with the use of positive emotions (Kim et al., 2019). Steve de Shazar has been named one of the primary pioneers of SFBT, writing several books and serving as the research director at Brief Family Therapy Center in Milwaukee. Also, working alongside Insoo Kim Berg at the Center who helped shape SFBT approach. Milton Erickson can be credited by Shazar for the development of solution focused brief therapy. Theory of Change How can solution-focused theory help a person overcome problems? What must a person do to improve mental health, wellness, and functioning? 5

SFBT is future focused and goal oriented paired with positive psychology. It assumes that clients have potential to change and find alternate possibilities rather than repeat the same patterns of problems. Asking questions and purposeful language are important aspects of SFBT. They are interrelated with co-construction processes and cooperative relationships and solutions (Kim et al., 2019). Shazar believed that behavior change is unnecessary to know the cause of the problem and there’s no relation to the solution. Rather, behavior is the most effective way to improve livelihood for individuals. Positive Orientation bases the assumption that we are competent enough to construct solutions to enhance our lives. Interventions What interventions or techniques does the counselor use to help bring about change? Exception questions-focus on past experiences and identify when problems emerged or were not as extreme. This can lead to future changes and give the client assurance that problems do not overpower their strength. Miracle question-asking the client if a miracle happened then would the problem be resolved, how it would be resolved, and how would it be different? This opens up opportunities for seeing and considering changes for their future. Scaling questions- questions that focus on the client's feelings, emotions, mood, and communication. This helps a client identify when they are overcoming their problem. Who Is in Charge? What Is the Role of the Client and the Counselor? What is the counselor responsible for in sessions? What is the client expected to do? Who takes the leading role in the interaction? There is a collaborative relationship between counselor and client focused on change. The role of the counselor is to assist clients in recognizing the competencies they have and using them to work toward solutions. They create an environment that is respectful, open for dialogue, and gives the client the ability to be creative and tell their stories, and instill a trusting rapport. Clients are responsible for their own lives and finding solutions. They think about their future and the change they want. Appropriateness for Diverse Populations Based on research, what is the appropriateness of the counseling theory for diverse populations (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, disability)? Be sure to format your sources in APA style. The framework of a client's cultural values and view of the world allows them to make their own interpretations of life events. Narrative therapy is relevant for multicultural clients because it is grounded in sociocultural contexts (Corey, 2023). Scholarly Articles, Books, and Web Resources on the Theory From your own internet and library search, list web links for credible organizations supporting this counseling theory and references for scholarly articles and books providing evidence for its effectiveness. Be sure to format your sources in APA style. Corey, G. (2023). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy . Cengage Learning. Kim, J., Jordan, S. S., Franklin, C., & Froerer, A. (2019). Is Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Evidence Based? An Update 10 Years Later. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services , 100 (2), 127-138. 6

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Week 8: Family Systems Therapies Key Concepts Who is primarily considered the proponent(s) or creator of family systems therapy? What are the philosophical assumptions and key concepts of this therapy, including how and why people develop problems? Family systems perspective states that assessing the interactions between family members is the best assessment to understand the individual (Corey, 2023). Alfred Adler and Rudolf Dreikurs were among the first known practitioners of family therapy who believed behavior and development are interconnected among family members. FS perspective insists that a client's problematic behavior could serve a purpose for the family or inability to operate productively during transitional periods of development (Corey, 2023). Theory of Change How can family systems therapy help a person overcome problems? What must a person do to improve mental health, wellness, and functioning? The change in functioning of one family member will extend to other family members and forge change all around the family unit. By planning and enactment families can facilitate change with collaborative approaches (Corey, 2023). Interventions What interventions or techniques does the counselor use to help bring about change? Parent training-intervention that addresses child behavior issues and creates change in relationships between family members, specifically parent-child relationships (Carr, 2019). The belief is that behavior is maintained by repetitive patterns and associated beliefs and behaviors (Carr, 2019). Parents are expected to address the problem behaviors early on and be consistent and efficient in their approach to help the child improve with self- regulation (Carr, 2019). Parent implemented behavioral programs-parents learn modeling behavior and coached on child management skills. Who Is in Charge? What Is the Role of the Client and the Counselor? What is the counselor responsible for in sessions? What is the client expected to do? Who takes the leading role in the interaction? Family systems therapy works to be collaborative, cooperative, and co-constructivist. The counselor is empathetic and takes interest in the client. They set the expectations at the first sessions and they actively listen to the client giving empathy and understanding to build rapport. The counselor actively listens and creates the foundation for an effective relationship through communication and understanding (Corey, 2023). Appropriateness for Diverse Populations Based on research, what is the appropriateness of the counseling theory for diverse populations (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, disability)? Be sure to format your sources in APA style. FS therapy is especially valuable to ethnic and cultural groups who place merit on extended family. Having multiple members of the family involved in the therapeutic process is advantageous and places special values on other elder members (Corey, 2023). Gender issues are also focused on in family systems therapy with societal expectations placed on women’s roles. 7

Scholarly Articles, Books, and Web Resources on the Theory From your own internet and library search, list web links for credible organizations supporting this counseling therapy and references for scholarly articles and books providing evidence for its effectiveness. Be sure to format your sources in APA style. Carr, A. (2019). Family therapy and systemic interventions for child-focused problems: the current evidence base. Journal of Family Therapy , 41 (2), 153-213. 10.1111/1467-6427.12226 Corey, G. (2023). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy . Cengage Learning. Thompson, J. (2022). Culturally Safe Integrative Systemic Therapy for First Nations Families Living with Borderline Personality Disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy , 43 (1), 118-139. 10.1002/anzf.1479 Week 9: Integrative Theory Key Concepts Who is primarily considered the proponent(s) or creator of integrative theory? What are the philosophical assumptions and key concepts of this theory, including how and why people develop problems? Members of the The Society for the Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration (est.1983) developed an integrative approach over single orientations. This is to see how clients would benefit and what could be learned from multiple ways of therapy (Corey, 2023). Theory of Change How can integrative theory help a person overcome problems? What must a person do to improve mental health, wellness, and functioning? Integrating different approaches can be an advantage over a single theoretical approach and aims to enhance efficiency and applicability of psychotherapy. This is an individualized holistic approach. Interventions What interventions or techniques does the counselor use to help bring about change? Technical integration-finding the best course of treatment for the client and their problem using a collection of techniques Theoretical integration- using the best aspects of two or more approaches and applying those techniques to the therapeutic process. Assimilative integration- focuses on a particular approach while incorporating other therapeutic approaches when necessary. Common factors approach- uses factors from different approaches, like active listening, empathy, support, behavioral practices, etc., that are through to be more imperative than unique factors Who Is in Charge? What Is the Role of the Client and the Counselor? What is the counselor responsible for in sessions? What is the client expected to do? Who takes the leading 8

role in the interaction? Counselors must be nonjudgmental and create a safe environment for clients to explore their values and beliefs (Corey, 2023). By doing a background assessment, a counselor will get a sense of specific themes to create a therapeutic approach. Appropriateness for Diverse Populations Based on research, what is the appropriateness of the counseling theory for diverse populations (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, disability)? Be sure to format your sources in APA style. The counselor must assess the specific needs of the client. The client’s culture and ethnicity must be considered and the counselor will need to consider their own cultural influences when implementing interventions. Scholarly Articles, Books, and Web Resources on the Theory From your own internet and library search, list web links for credible organizations supporting this counseling theory and references for scholarly articles and books providing evidence for its effectiveness. Be sure to format your sources in APA style. Corey, G. (2023). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy . Cengage Learning. Silvestre, M., & Tarquinio, C. L. (2022). Systemic family therapy and EMDR therapy: An integrative approach. European journal of trauma and dissociation , 6 (4), 1-6. Thompson, J. (2022). Culturally Safe Integrative Systemic Therapy for First Nations Families Living with Borderline Personality Disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy , 43 (1), 118-139. 10.1002/anzf.1479 9

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cf_theories_counseling_chart_Course_Revision (2)

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