Chem181_Lab3_Microchem_precip_lab_solubility_table

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Southern Alberta Institute of Technology *

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181

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Chemistry

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Jan 9, 2024

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Chem 181 1 CHEM 181: Chemistry 1 Microchemistry/Precipitation Lab The major advantage of the microchemistry system is the fact that smaller quantities of chemical are safer to store and easier to discard when no longer needed. The Microplate The microplate forms a series of micro test tubes, which are referred to as wells on the microplate. The well to be used in any particular experiment requiring the microplate is always stated on the worksheet. Each row is labelled with a letter and each column is labelled with a number. The microplates are made of durable, non-wettable polystyrene, making them easy to clean. The wells can be cleaned in a number of ways. 1. Hold the wells under running tap water. 2. Place the wells in a container with tap water. (Cover the wells with water.) Allow the wells to soak until clean. 3. If a precipitate has settled in a well, roll up a piece of tissue paper or use a cotton swab, wet it, then push it into the well. Turn the “well cleaner” around several times until the precipitate has been wiped off completely. To dry the wells, shake the microplate until all the drops in the wells have come out. If necessary, use a dry tissue paper or cotton swab to dry individual wells. Background When a substance is first placed into water, the process of dissolving takes place rapidly. The material that is dissolved is called the solute , and the material that does the dissolving is called the solvent . The solubility of a substance is defined as the concentration of solute in a saturated solution at a specified temperature. When ionic compounds dissolve, they dissociate or break into ions. These dissolved ions are able to react with other dissolved ions. Following is an abbreviated list of the common rules for solubility found in most introductory chemistry tests. These rules are based on observation of how well certain compounds dissociate in water. 1. All common salts of Group 1 elements and ammonium ion are soluble. 2. All common acetates and nitrates are soluble. 3. All compounds of Group 17 with metals are soluble, except those of silver, mercury (I) and lead. 4. All sulphates are soluble, except those of barium, strontium, lead, calcium, silver and mercury (I). 5. Except for those in Rule 1, carbonates, hydroxides, oxalates, oxides and phosphates are insoluble.
Chem 181 2 The above rules may help you predict what might occur in the dissolution (dissolving) of the initial salt and/or the reaction of the newly formed salt when two solutions are brought together. Note : When two ionic solutions react, a double-replacement reaction usually takes place. Purpose To determine the reliability of solubility tables/rules to predict precipitates. Predictions Predict which of the following pairs of compounds will react to form a precipitate. Indicate by writing “ppt” for precipitate and listing the expected precipitate or “NR” for no reaction. This must be done as part of your pre-lab. The first two have been done as an example. Na 2 CO 3 Na 2 SO 4 NH 4 OH NaCl NaI NaOH NaSCN Cu(NO 3 ) 2 ppt CuCO 3(s) NR Ni(NO 3 ) 2 Pb(NO 3 ) 2 Co(NO 3 ) 2 AgNO 3 Fe(NO 3 ) 3 Materials Hardware 96-well microplate pipettes Chemicals distilled water 0.1 M solutions of: Group A copper(II)nitrate nickel(II)nitrate lead(II)nitrate cobalt(II)nitrate silver nitrate iron(III)nitrate Group B sodium carbonate sodium sulphate ammonium hydroxide sodium chloride sodium iodide sodium hydroxide sodium thiocyanate
Chem 181 3 Procedure In this experiment, you will mix each of the reagents in Group A with each of the reagents in Group B. Arrange the microplate so that the lettered rows are on the left and the numbered columns are at the top. 1. Place 4 drops of copper(II)nitrate in each of the numbered wells from 1 to 7 in row A. After rinsing your pipette, fill the wells in row B with 4 drops of nickel(II)nitrate. Rinse your pipette again and continue in a similar manner using all solutions from Group A. 2. When all of the rows have been given the particular reagent from group A, begin to add 4 drops of each of the reagents from group B, one reagent to each column. Rinse your pipette between samples so that contamination does not occur. 3. As you are adding the solutions in Step 3, record any form of reactivity (i.e., gas, ppt, colour change, etc.) in the data chart provided. Evidence Record any colour changes, state changes, etc. Indicate precipitates as “ppt.” Star any results that disagree with your predictions. Na 2 CO 3 Na 2 SO 4 NH 4 OH NaCl NaI NaOH NaSCN Cu(NO 3 ) 2 Ni(NO 3 ) 2 Pb(NO 3 ) 2 Co(NO 3 ) 2 AgNO 3 Fe(NO 3 ) 3 Analysis Write and balance a double-replacement equation for six of the combinations that showed precipitation. Use one from each row. Evaluation Do your observations agree with what you predicted using your solubility tables? List each combination that did not react as expected and give a brief explanation why that may have occurred.
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Chem 181 4 Sources of Error Explain what may have happened to your experiment that would cause your results to disagree with known solubility tables.