Module 7 Exam

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Module 7 Exam Question 1 3/3 pts True/False: The kidneys are long, thin muscular tubes. True False Question 2 3/3pts A person sustained blunt force trauma to the back at the L1 level, with no spinal cord injury. Would you suspect the kidneys to be damaged? Why or why not? Yes, the kidneys lie between the T-12 and L-3
Question 3 4/ 4 pts Describe the consistency and purpose of the renal adipose capsule. Outside of the renal capsule is a fatty layer that protects the kidney from trauma. Question 4 2.5/2.5 pts Name the layer and the parts of the nephrons located in the region highlighted in blue, below. Located within the cortex are the glomerular capsule and the distal and proximal convoluted tubule sections of the nephrons.
Question 5 2.5/ 2.5 pts These arteries divide into the segmental arteries as they flow into the kidney. (fl Afferent O Lobar C Interlobular o Arcuate C Interlobar o *h Renal
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Question 6 2.5/ 2.5 pts After filtration occurs, next blood travels into these vessels. 0 Efferent arteriole (- Lobar veins C Interlobular veins C Arcuate artery C Interlobar vein C Vasa recta
Question 7 2.5/2.5 pts Name the region in the diagram below, indicated by the red arrow. — 8 Q L | >/ Loop of Henle (thin descending)
Question 8 2 /2 pts Which of the following is false about the location of the bladder? (" A. In males, the bladder is anterior to the rectum. C B. In females, the bladder is posterior to the uterus. C C. In females, the bladder is in between the rectum and the uterus. C D. In males, the bladder is above the prostate gland. v E. B&C are false Q F. A&D are false
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Question 9 4/ 4 pts Discuss two features of the bladder that allow for expansion. (Any two of the following are acceptable responses) 1-The muscular wall stretches and thins allowing the bladder to store larger amounts of urine without a significant rise in internal pressure. 2- Rugae (folds in the bladder wall) also extend to help the capacity of the bladder internally. 3- Transitional epithelium cells are specialized to enable cellular expansion to absorb fluid.
Question 10 2/2pts An elderly male is unable to micturate. What is most likely causing the difficulty? F Incontinence due to end stage dementia (- Incontinence due to swollen seminal vesicle C Urinary retention due to spinal cord injury Urinary retention due to enlarged prostate Urinary retention is the inability to expel stored urine. r Hematuria due to diabetes
Question 11 2/2pts This is the smallest region of the male urethra. ( Spongy C Prostatic (v Membranous C Ejaculatory duct C Ureters
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Question 12 4/ 4 pts Describe the difference between the two types of nephrons. - Cortical nephrons are in the cortex region of the kidney, except for a portion of their loop of Henle which extends into the medulla. - The remaining nephrons, called juxtamedullary nephrons, pass deeply into the medulla because of their location and their longer loops of Henle.
Question 13 3/3 pts Micturition can be controlled consciously because of: (-' Voluntary control over the internal sphincter C Involuntary control over the internal sphincter = o~ e Voluntary control over the external sphincter C Involuntary control over the external sphincter C Voluntary control over the visceral reflex arc C None of the above: micturition cannot be voluntarily controlled
Question 14 3/3 pts This is the blood pressure driving fluid out of the capillaries: (. Colloid osmotic pressure * Capsular pressure e Net filtration pressure ( Glomerular filtration rate Hydrostatic pressure
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Question 15 5/5 pts Calculate the net filtration pressure for your patient given the following values. Show your work. (Not all values listed may be used). - Capsular pressure= 20 - Hydrostatic pressure = 70 - Colloid osmotic pressure = 30 - GFR= 130 (Outgoing forces — incoming forces) HP- (COP + Capsular pressure) 70mmHg - (30mmHg +20mmHg)) = 20mmHg (net outward pressure) Question 16 Describe in detail how the kidney controls its own rate of blood flow through the nephron. This is called renal autoregulation because the kidney determines its own rate of blood flow by controlling the diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles. By means of this autoregulatory system, the kidney can maintain a constant GFR despite variations in the arterial blood pressure in the rest of the body.
Question 17 2.5/2.5 pts Which of the following statements is false concerning the RAA system? r Aldosterone causes the retention of sodium ions. It responds when blood pressure becomes too high. C Angiotensin |l acts to cause vasoconstriction in blood vessels. C Renin is released by the cells inside the nephron. r Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin |.
Question 18 2.5/ 2.5 pts The greatest amount of Reabsorption C Excretion C Secretion C Countercurrent flow C Osmolarity occurs in the cells of the PCT.
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Question 19 2.5/2.5 pts True or False: Na+ can leave the ascending limb but not the descending limb. True Y False
Question 20 2.5/2.5 pts Which of the following is false concerning ADH? C ADH is produced by the hypothalamus. C ADH is produced in response to dehydration conditions. C ADH retains up to 99% of water in the filtrate. ADH does not respond during severe blood loss.
Question 21 4/ 4 pts Contrast the osmolarity of the PCT and the bottom of the loop of Henle. Explain why there is such a contrast. The osmotic characteristics of the filtrate entering the PCT is identical to the surrounding plasma, around 300 mOsm/L. In the descending limb of the loop of Henle, the solute concentration increases as it descends. Once the filtrate reaches the hairpin turn of the loop in the inner medulla, the filtrate increases to about 1200 mOsm/L. « The concentration of the solute increases drastically because water leaves the descending limb but not salt Question 22 3/3 pts Describe the action of aldosterone on the concentrations of sodium and potassium in the filtrate. Your Answer: Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and increases potassium secretion through the sodium-potassium pump. Potassium is excreted in urine as sodium is pumped out of the filtrate and then returned to the blood. Sodium is pumped out of the filtrate to be returned to the blood while potassium (K+) is excreted in urine. Question 23 2/ 3 pts Describe the action of alcohol on urinary output. Alcohol is a type of diuretic that inhibits the release of ADH.
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Question 24 2/2pts Which of the following is true concerning cardiovascular baroreceptors? They are mechanoreceptors found in the aortic arch and carotid sinus. C They are in the lungs and the kidneys. C These are chemoreceptors found in the hypothalamus. C They are regulated by the hypoglossal and spinal accessory cranial nerves.
Question 25 2/2pts Yellow color in urine is due to the presence of: C C Rhubarb r Asparagus Urochrome Y Fruit
Question 26 2/2pts Water in the body is primarily found in what body compartment? r— Extracellular « Intracellular C Interstitial r Plasma € Synovial joints
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Question 27 2/2pts Urine with a pH of 9.0 is: -~ within normal range; acidic C within normal range; alkaline C outside normal range; acidic outside normal range; alkaline C within normal range; neutral
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Question 28 2/2pts The protein buffer system: C generally takes several hours to respond. C causes hyperventilation in the respiratory system. C is the main buffer system of the interstitial fluid. is the main buffer system of the intracellular fluid C all the above are true of the protein buffer system
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Question 29 4/5 pts Hypoventilation is a part of what control mechanism? Explain what hypoventilation accomplishes. » Respiratory control- If blood pH begins to rise (become more alkaline), the respiratory center is depressed, causing hypoventilation. » During hypoventilation, the respiratory rate slows down, allowing more CO2 to accumulate, forming more hydrogen ions. The pH falls (becomes more acidic) and restores correct blood pH. o (Optional) this reaction shifts to the right: CO,+ H,O < H,CO; < H+ + HCO; Question 30 5/5 pts The renal control mechanism depends on what two factors? Hydrogen ion secretion and the conversion of bicarbonate
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Question 31 10/10 pts Your patient was just admitted to the hospital with renal failure. For the following questions, use the blood values of: pH =7.1, PCO, = 30 mm, HCO, = 20 mEq/L A. Determine if the patient is in acidosis or alkalosis. B. Is the cause respiratory or metabolic? C. Is the condition being compensated? D. If compensated, what is the body doing to compensate? A. Acidosis (<7.35) B. Metabolic (HCO,<22) C. Yes (PCO,<35) D. Hyperventilation to increase CO2 elimination
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