MIXROBIOLOGY_FINAL_EXAM.docx-merged

MICROBIOLOGY FINAL EXAM 1. True or False: A virus is considered a microorganism. False. Viruses are not living and as such are not considered microorganisms. Viruses can, however, be classified as microbes, a more general term that includes microorganisms and viruses. 2. What is the smallest biological unit of life? A cell. 3. At a generalized level, all cells are comprised of what? Macromolecules - A student may also answer: Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids and Polysaccharides but they must answer with all four to be fully correct. 4. Animalia, Plantae, Fungi and Protista are all classification under what type of organism? A. Bacteria B. Eukarya C. Archaea D. Virus B. Only Eukarya contains animals, plants, fungi and protists. 5. All multicellular microorganisms classified as Animalia are autotropic. False —they are heterotrophic 6. Microorganisms classified as _________ obtain most of their energy by converting light energy into chemical energy. Plantae 7. Define catabolism. Catabolism is the process of breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources. 8. Upon cellular injury, which metabolic process is involved during the growth and repair phases of the cell? The anabolic process would be active as it (by definition) is involved in the building up of small complexes into larger complexes. 9. What is one of the main functions of light reactions? Similar to the electron transport chain, one of its main functions is to generate a proton concentration gradient to im turn, generate ATP. 10. True or False: Dark reactions can occur in the presence or absence of light. True. The term ‘dark reactions’ (also known as the Calvin Cycle) simply denotes the second stage in photosynthesis— dark reactions do not actually require darkness in order to occur. 11. Assuming a constant (non-adjustable) light source power, identify the part of the microscope you would adjust to limit the amount of light entering the microscope. Select all that apply. A. Objective B. Condenser C. Iris diaphragm D. Eye piece C. The iris controls the amount of light that passes through the sample and into the objective lens. Thus, it can be adjusted (opened or closed) to alter the amount of light. 12. What is the total magnification (relative to your eye) of a sample imaged with a 60x objective and a 10x eyepiece? Show your math. 60 x 10 = 600x magnification 13. Identify what type of electron microscope was used to capture the following image and explain your choice. This study source was downloaded by 100000876868723 from CourseHero.com on 12-25-2023 23:44:33 GMT -06:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/104632460/MIXROBIOLOGY-FINAL-EXAMdocx/

Scanning Electron Microscope Because it is only showing the outside of the cell and not showing any subcellular organelles Shows shell image no organelles are visible. Only TEM visualizes Subcellular organelles. 14. True or False: LB agar is classified as a selective, non-differential media . False. LB agar is the most basic type of agar and like LB media supports the growth of virtually all microbes without restriction. 15. What is agar used for in microbiology? Agar is used to create a solid, smooth surface on which microbes can grow. 16. True or False. When performing a dilution streak a new (or sterilized) loop is not required for each phase as long as the bacterial culture is pure. False. A new or sterilized loop is absolutely required for each phase. Failure to do so would prevent the establishment of a dilution gradient, as the same bacterial concentration would be spread across both phase regions, regardless of whether or not the culture is pure. 17. The number of phases (3 vs. 4) and/or the number of times a loop passes through a previous phase (once vs. multiple times) is acceptable provided what happens? Well Either deviation is acceptable in practice as long as the resulting gradient contains within it the growth of individual colonies. Otherwise, the experiment need to be repeated. 18. True or False. Pathogenic strains of bacteria tend to grow slower than normal non-pathogenic bacterial strains. False. Pathogenic strains of bacteria tend to grow faster than non-pathogenic strains at 37°C, which is why researchers may set incubators at 25°C to restrict its growth. 19. 20. True or False. The causative agent of conjunctivitis can be either bacterial or viral. True. There are bacterial (staph) and viral forms of conjunctivitis, both resulting in the inflammation of the conjunctiva and ‘pink eye.’ 21. True or False. Although there is no cure for tetanus, it can be prevented through vaccination. True. There is no cure for tetanus. However, tetanus is entirely preventable through vaccination. 22. Describe the symptoms and treatment regimen for someone infected with Clostridium perfringens. Clostridium perfringens (also known as Gas gangrene) presents with muscle necrosis, swelling of infected areas, fever and intense gas production. Treatment entails removal of all infected tissue, often resulting in amputation of the affected areas, in conjunction with heavy antibiotic therapies. This study source was downloaded by 100000876868723 from CourseHero.com on 12-25-2023 23:44:33 GMT -06:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/104632460/MIXROBIOLOGY-FINAL-EXAMdocx/

A virus is classified as a microbe. True. Although viruses are not living and as such are not considered microorganisms, they can, however, be classified as microbes, a more general term that includes microorganisms and viruses. 2. True or False: The smallest biological unit of life is the molecule. False. The smallest biological unit of life is the cell. 3. What are the 4 main types of macromolecules found in cells? Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids and Polysaccharides Answer Key 1. Animalia, Plantae, Fungi and Protista are all classification under what type of organism? A. Bacteria B. Eukarya C. Archaea D. Virus B. Only Eukarya contains animals, plants, fungi and protists. 2. All multicellular microorganisms classified as Animalia are autotropic. False—they are heterotropic. 3. Microorganisms classified as _________ obtain most of their energy by converting light energy into chemical energy. Plantae Exam Page 3 Answer Key 1. Define anabolism. This study source was downloaded by 100000876868723 from CourseHero.com on 12-25-2023 23:44:21 GMT -06:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/41916773/PRE-EXAM-FINAL-FORMATdocx/

Anabolism is the process of building up or biosynthesis of macromolecules from small molecular units into much larger complexes. 2. In order to convert proteins into amino acids which metabolic process would be active? Catabolism would be active as proteins are made up of amino acids. Therefore the process described (proteins into amino acids) is the breakdown, or catabolism of protein. Exam Page 4 Answer Key 1. In phosphorylation, the light reactions always occur where? The process of converting light energy into chemical energy (photophosphorylation) always occurs in the membrane. 2. True or False: The Calvin cycle must occur in the absence of light. False. The term ‘dark reactions’ (also known as the Calvin Cycle) simply denotes the second stage in photosynthesis—dark reactions do not actually require darkness in order to occur. Exam Page 5 Answer Key 1. Assuming a constant (non-adjustable) light source power, identify the part of the microscope you would adjust to limit the amount of light entering the microscope. Select all that apply. A. Objective B. Condenser C. Iris diaphragm D. Eye piece C. The iris controls the amount of light that passes through the sample and into the objective lens. Thus, it can be adjusted (opened or closed) to alter the amount of light. 2. What is the total magnification (relative to your eye) of a sample imaged with a 60x objective and a 10x eyepiece? Show your math. This study source was downloaded by 100000876868723 from CourseHero.com on 12-25-2023 23:44:21 GMT -06:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/41916773/PRE-EXAM-FINAL-FORMATdocx/

Answer Key 1. True or False. When performing a dilution streak a new (or sterilized) loop is not required for each phase as long as the bacterial culture is pure. False. A new or sterilized loop is absolutely required for each phase. Failure to do so would prevent the establishment of a dilution gradient, as the same bacterial concentration would be spread across both phase regions, regardless of whether or not the culture is pure. 2. The number of phases (3 vs. 4) and/or the number of times a loop passes through a previous phase (once vs. multiple times) is acceptable provided what happens? Either deviation is acceptable in practice provided the resulting gradient contains within it the growth of individual colonies—if not, the experiment must be repeated. 3. True or False. Pathogenic strains of bacteria tend to grow slower than normal non-pathogenic bacterial strains. False. Pathogenic strains of bacteria tend to grow faster than non-pathogenic strains at 37°C, which is why researchers may set incubators at 25°C to restrict its growth. Exam Page 9 Answer Key 1. Match the following symptoms with their respective diseases: 1. Folliculitis D A. Childhood skin disease near mouth/nose 2. Scalded-skin syndrome E B. Infection of thin, transparent scleral tissue 3. Impetigo A C. Infection occurs at time of birth 4. Conjunctivitis D. Pus-filled lesions on skin or hair This study source was downloaded by 100000876868723 from CourseHero.com on 12-25-2023 23:44:21 GMT -06:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/41916773/PRE-EXAM-FINAL-FORMATdocx/

B 5. Ophthalmia Neonatorum C E. Ruptured pustules; treated with Penicillin 2. True or False. The causative agent of conjunctivitis can be either bacterial or viral. True. There are bacterial (staph) and viral forms of conjunctivitis, both resulting in the inflammation of the conjunctiva and ‘pink eye.’ Exam Page 10 Answer Key 1. True or False. Although there is no cure for tetanus, it can be prevented through vaccination. True. There is no cure for tetanus. However, tetanus is entirely preventable through vaccination. 2. Describe the symptoms and treatment regimen for someone infected with Clostridium perfringens. Clostridium perfringens (also known as Gas gangrene) presents with muscle necrosis, swelling of infected areas, fever and intense gas production. Treatment entails removal of all infected tissue, often resulting in amputation of the affected areas, in conjunction with heavy antibiotic therapies. 3. Why does the alpha toxin (perfringolysin) produced during an infection of gas gangrene cause cell death? The toxin perforates the membrane. It forms pores in the plasma membrane of host cells resulting in uncontrolled ion fluxes and eventually cell lysis and death. Exam Page 11 Answer Key 1. The ________ surrounds the capsid of some viruses. This study source was downloaded by 100000876868723 from CourseHero.com on 12-25-2023 23:44:21 GMT -06:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/41916773/PRE-EXAM-FINAL-FORMATdocx/

BIOD 171 Quizzes Final Exam - Requires Respondus LockDown B… ! * Some ques ! ons not yet graded Final Exam - Requires Respondus LockDown Browser + Webcam Due No due date Points 120 Ques ! ons 30 Time Limit 90 Minutes Requires Respondus LockDown Browser Instruc ! ons A " empt History A " empt Time Score LATEST 54 out of 120 * Score for this quiz: 54 out of 120 * Submi " ed Feb 3 at 6:40pm This a " empt took 87 minutes. The Final Exam is composed of ques ! ons based upon material presented in the en ! re course. It will assess your level of mastery of the course content and goals. The format of the exam is similar to past module exams. You are about to begin a ! med exam. Please make sure you are in a suitable, quiet place, free from distrac ! on. 4 / 4 pts Ques ! on 1 Match each of the following organelles with the correct descrip ! on. Nucleus Contains genomic conten Correct! Correct! Endoplasmic re ! culum Series of membrane-encl Correct! Correct! Lysosomes Contain hydroly ! c enzym Correct! Correct! Chloroplasts Site of photosynthesis Correct! Correct! Not yet graded / 4 pts Ques ! on 2 Your Answer: Briefly explain how a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) forms an image of a microscopic specimen. An image is formed from the electrons as they reflect o ff and not through the surface of the microscopic specimen. They can be also coated with gold to enhance electrons reflec ! ons. This can be best seen in 3D- rendering. Answer: An image is formed from the interac ! ons of electrons as they reflect o ff (not through) the surface of the specimen. Samples are coated in either gold or palladium to enhance electron reflec ! ons. The reflec ! on is seen in 3-D rendering. 4 / 4 pts Ques ! on 3 Match each of the following diseases to the correct bacterial family. Legionnaires Legionella Correct! Correct! Wound botulism Clostridium botulism Correct! Correct! Impe ! go Staph aureus Correct! Correct! Sep ! cemic plague Yersina pes ! s Correct! Correct! Not yet graded / 4 pts Ques ! on 4 Your Answer: Describe the primary dis ! nc ! on between prokaryo ! c and eukaryo ! c cells. The main di ff ernce is that prokaryo ! c cells do not contain a nucleus. Their gene ! c material is located free-floa ! ng in the cytoplasm. On the other hand eukaryo ! c cells have defined, membrane-bound nucleus that contains gene ! c materials. Answer: Eukaryo ! c cells have a defined, membrane-bound nucleus that contains the gene ! c material. Prokaryo ! c cells do not contain a nucleus, and their gene ! c material is found free- floa ! ng in the cytoplasm. 2 / 4 pts Ques ! on 5 Match each of the following terms with the correct descrip ! on. Organotroph Obtain their source of ca You Answered You Answered Remove electrons from organic molecules Correct Answer Correct Answer Phototroph U ! lize photons to genera Correct! Correct! Heterotroph Obtain their source of ca Correct! Correct! Lithotroph Remove electrons from o You Answered You Answered Remove electrons from inorganic molecules Correct Answer Correct Answer 0 / 4 pts Ques ! on 6 A researcher is asked to determine which human pathogen is present in a sample. Clinical findings presented in the pa ! ent consist of fever, chills, lethargy, and s !ff neck. By limi ! ng the nutrients, and varying the degree of pH, what type of media would be expected to inhibit foreign microbes and ensure the isolated growth of Neisseria meningi ! des? Selec ! ve Media Correct Answer Correct Answer Selec ! ve and Di ff eren ! al Media Enriched Media Di ff eren ! al Media You Answered You Answered Not yet graded / 4 pts Ques ! on 7 Your Answer: Place the following viral life cycle steps in order beginning with viral a " achment (3points) and provide a descrip ! on of “ENTRY” (1 point). Uncoa ! ng: Release: Replica ! on: A " achment: Entry: New infec ! on: 1- A " achment 2- Entry: virus fuses with host membrane then makes entry 3- Uncoa ! ng 4- Replica ! on 5- Release 6- New infec ! on Answer: 1-A " achment 2-Entry: the virus fuses with the host membrane and enters the cell 3- Uncoa ! ng 4-Replica ! on 5-Release 6-New infec ! on 0 / 4 pts Ques ! on 8 The Gram stain di ff eren ! ates between bacteria based on the composi ! on of their _____________. Cell Wall Correct Answer Correct Answer Mitochondria Cell Membrane You Answered You Answered Nucleus 4 / 4 pts Ques ! on 9 Le $ untreated, three percent of cases of Streptococcal pharyngi ! s will progress to which of the following? Rheuma ! c fever Correct! Correct! Rheuma ! c fever occurs in approximately three percent of untreated cases of Streptococcal pharyngi ! s, presen ! ng approximately 2 to 3 weeks post-infec ! on. Laryngi ! s Klebsiella pneumonia Conjunc ! vi ! s Not yet graded / 4 pts Ques ! on 10 Your Answer: List the 4 nitrogenous bases found in RNA and describe how they pair with one another. Adenine (A) Uracil (U) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) A- pairs with U, and G pairs with C. Answer: The four nitrogenous bases found in RNA are Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G). A pairs with U, and G pairs with C. Not yet graded / 4 pts Ques ! on 11 Your Answer: True or False. If the statement is false, change it to make it true. When grown on Blood Agar Plates (BAP), microbes capable of alpha hemolysis present as greenish-brown color colonies due to incomplete (par ! al) lysis of red blood cells. True - Alpha hemolysis presents as a greenish-brown color due to its par ! al lysis of red blood cells. Answer: True; Alpha hemolysis presents as a greenish-brown color due to par ! al lysis of red blood cells. 4 / 4 pts Ques ! on 12 Each of the following statements about the Electron Transport System is true, except : The proton mo ! ve force drives H+ back through the ATP synthase complex As electrons are passed down a chain of electron acceptors, protons are pumped out of the membrane Occurs mainly in the nuclear membrane of the cell Correct! Correct! The end yield is approximately 34 ATP molecules Not yet graded / 4 pts Ques ! on 13 Your Answer: Describe the TWO main characteris ! cs of LYSOGENIC (temperate) bacteriophage replica ! on. 1) Integrated into the host genome but produc ! on of viral proteins is suppresed. 2) Exist in a non-replica ! ve state that does not kill the host cell. Answer: (1) Exist in a non-replica ! ve state that does not kill the host cell (2) Integrated into the host genome but produc ! on of viral proteins is suppressed Not yet graded / 4 pts Ques ! on 14 Your Answer: Bacteria that have a round morphology are referred to as ______. Spherical -cocci Answer: Coccus Not yet graded / 4 pts Ques ! on 15 Your Answer: Briefly explain why a researcher would use the simple stain technique. How is this technique performed, and what does it iden ! fy? Simple staining uses a solu ! on of a posi ! vely charged dye, for example methylene blue or crystal violet. This binds and stain the nega ! vely charged membrane microorganism. This simple technique is used to qucikly observe the size and shape as well as the organiza ! on of the cells. Step 1: add one stain to a fixed smear slide Step 2: let it sit Step 3: rinse it o ff Step 4: let it dry Final step: view under lenses Answer: Simple staining uses a solu ! on of a posi ! vely charged dye, such as methylene blue, crystal violet, safranin, or fuchsin, to bind to and stain the nega ! vely charged membrane of the microorganism. This simple technique is o $ en used to quickly observe the size, shape, and arrangement of cells. 4 / 4 pts Ques ! on 16 What coronavirus-associated infec ! on gave rise to quaran ! ning and travel restric ! ons in 2020? RSV COVID-19 Correct! Correct! ARDS SARS MERS 4 / 4 pts Ques ! on 17 Match each type of agar plate to the corresponding general characteris ! cs of each. A mul ! -purpose media capable of growing a wide variety of microorganisms. Tryp ! case Soy Agar Correct! Correct! Also known as lysogeny broth, it is a mul ! -purpose media capable of growing a wide variety of microorganisms. LB Agar Correct! Correct! Pale red in color and is both selec ! ve and di ff eren ! al media. The presence of crystal violet and bile salts in its formula ! on restricts Gram-posi ! ve bacterial growth. As such, only Gram- nega ! ve microbes can be grown. MacConkey Agar Correct! Correct! This Agar is selec ! ve for Gram-posi ! ve bacteria and can di ff eren ! ate members of the Staphylococci family. Mannitol Salt Agar Correct! Correct! Not yet graded / 4 pts Ques ! on 18 Your Answer: True or False. If the statement is false, change it to make it true. Leprosy can move through the blood to other areas including the brain, spine, and kidneys. False- TB can move through the blood and other areas of the body that includes the brain, spine and kidneys. Answer: False: TB is primarily considered a respiratory infec ! on, but once it fully colonizes the lungs, TB can move through the blood to other areas including the brain, spine, and kidneys. Not yet graded / 4 pts Ques ! on 19 Your Answer: True or False. If the statement is false, change it to make it true. Lipids are primarily composed of hydrophilic hydrocarbons. True- Lipids are mainly composed of glycerol backbone, fa " y acid tails or hydrophobic and phosphate group hydrophilic. Hydrocarbons are mainly present in their most reduced form. Answer: False. Lipids are primarily composed of hydrophobic hydrocarbons. Not yet graded / 4 pts Ques ! on 20 Your Answer: You are working with a pa ! ent who claims a friend “got the COVID-19 infec ! on from the vaccine”. Explain why the viral vector vaccine used to prevent the COVID-19 infec ! on cannot transmit the actual infec ! on. The genome in the viral vector only can encode a spike protein and not other components of the COVID-19 virus. New virons cannot be replicated. Answer: The genome in the viral vector only encodes for a spike protein and not the other components of the virus. Therefore, new virions or virus par ! cles cannot be made or replicated. 4 / 4 pts Ques ! on 21 Match each type of microscopy with the correct descrip ! on. The simplest form of light, or op ! cal, microscopes. Light, most o $ en emi " ed from a standard halogen bulb, enters the microscope from the base (bo " om) and is reflected via mirrors towards the sample. Bright Field Microscope Correct! Correct! Incoming light is in the form of the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum. Fluorescence Microscope Correct! Correct! Can provide detailed images of live cells without staining. Phase Contrast Microsco Correct! Correct! Use of beams of electrons (rather than light) to increase its resolu ! on capacity to less than 1nm— that’s 200x. Electron Microscope Correct! Correct! Combines the usefulness of fluorescence microscopy with the ability to visualize cells in 3-D Confocal Microscope Correct! Correct! This microscope reflects light o ff of the specimen at an angle rather than light passing through the specimen. Dark field Microscope Correct! Correct! 4 / 4 pts Ques ! on 22 Which of the following reac ! ons is an example of a hydrolase? a. A + B → A-B b. A-B + H2O → A-OH + B-H c. A— + B → A + B— d. Ab + C → A + Cb a. d. b. Correct! Correct! c. Not yet graded / 4 pts Ques ! on 23 Your Answer: Which region in a four phase dilu ! onal streak contains the highest concentra ! on of a microbial organism? Describe the technique that is used in pulling the sample from one phase to the next. The first phase of the quadrant streak contains the highest concentra ! on of microbial organisim. Step 1: use a new sterile loop Step 2: pull part of the sample from the first region to region 2 This process is repeated each ! me using a sterile loop through the remaining regions. Answer: The first phase of the quadrant streak contains the highest concentra ! on of a microbial organism. Using a new Submission Details: * Some ques ! ons not yet graded 54 out of 120 * Kept Score: 54 out of 120 1 Home Modules Grades Account Ac ! vity Courses Calendar Inbox History Student Dashboard Help This study source was downloaded by 100000876868723 from CourseHero.com on 12-25-2023 23:43:56 GMT -06:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/190402159/Final-Exam-Requires-Respondus-LockDown-Browser-Webcam-Essential-Microbiology-with-Lab-2021-Ceko/

sterile loop, part of the sample is pulled from region 1 to region 2. This process is repeated again each ! me using a new sterile loop through the remaining regions. 4 / 4 pts Ques ! on 24 Iden ! fy the following disease based upon the physical manifesta ! on: Hansen’s disease Tetanus Anthrax Gas gangrene Correct! Correct! 4 / 4 pts Ques ! on 25 Which of the following is/are true of Animalia? (Select all that apply) Humans are an example Correct! Correct! They are autotrophic They can be unicellular or mul ! cellular They possess the ability to move Correct! Correct! 4 / 4 pts Ques ! on 26 Each of the following statements about measles, mumps, and rubella is true, except : Infect the CNS (central nervous system), leading to temporary or permanent paralysis. Correct! Correct! Caused by linear, single-stranded enveloped RNA virus Immunity provided by inocula ! on with a vaccine Spread via airborne par ! cles while coughing, sneezing, etc. Not yet graded / 4 pts Ques ! on 27 Your Answer: There has been an outbreak of Staph Aureus within a local cleaning business. The employer Is trying to determine which of two companies has not been using sterile precau ! ons when cleaning. To help determine who is responsible for unsanitary prac ! ces, a researcher streaks the isolated bacterial samples from each company onto MSA agar. A $ er incuba ! ng the samples overnight at 37°C., briefly explain how he will interpret the result of his samples. There will be a sample showing only colorless colonies growing on red agar. This will mean the presence of non-pathogenic bacteria, while the sample will show a dis ! nct yellow agar which would indicate the presence of Staph aureus. Answer: A sample showing only colorless colonies growing on red agar would indicate the presence of non-pathogenic bacteria, while a sample showing a dis ! nct yellow agar would indicate the presence of Staph aureus. Not yet graded / 4 pts Ques ! on 28 Your Answer: True or False. If the statement is false, change it to make it true. The metabolism of a lipid-derived carbon atom will yield more ATP than a molecule of glucose. True Answer: True 4 / 4 pts Ques ! on 29 Giemsa staining is used to detect each of the following, except : Chlamydia trachoma ! s Neisseria Gonorrhea Correct! Correct! Malaria Histoplasma 4 / 4 pts Ques ! on 30 What STD is caused by a Gram-nega ! ve spirochete that can lead to paralysis, blindness, and demen ! a? Lyme disease Syphilis Correct! Correct! Chlamydia Ophthalmia Neonatorium Quiz Score: 54 out of 120 " Previous Next # This study source was downloaded by 100000876868723 from CourseHero.com on 12-25-2023 23:43:56 GMT -06:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/190402159/Final-Exam-Requires-Respondus-LockDown-Browser-Webcam-Essential-Microbiology-with-Lab-2021-Ceko/ Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

BIOD 171 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c6zjbf Complete the following DNA strand, and indicate how many bonds are formed for each complementary pair: 3' GGTCATCG 5' 5' CC______AGC 3' 3' GGTCATCG 5' 5' CCAGTAGC 3' There are 2 bonds formed between A and T, and 3 bonds between G and C. 8. The plasma membrane (select all that are true): A. Only restricts movement of mate- rials into the cell B. Is often a bilayer comprised of lipids C. Cannot prevent essential nutri- ents from escaping D. Contains hydrophobic tails point- ing inward B. Is often a bilayer comprised of lipids D. Contains hydrophobic tails point- ing inward 9. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms come together to form what primary macromolecule? Give an ex- ample. Carbohydrates. Any sugar is acceptable: Glucose, sucrose, fructose, galactose, lac- tose, maltose, etc. Also options: Starch, glycogen, cellulose, or chitin 10. True or False: Eukaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. False (Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus (prokaryotic cells do not)). 11. True or False: Prokaryotic cells can be subdivided into Bacteria and Ar- chaea. True 12. True or False: Archaea, a eukaryotic class of microorganisms, is capable of surviving harsh environments. False (Archaea are prokaryotic bacteria 2 / 32

BIOD 171 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c6zjbf capable of surviving harsh environ- ments). 13. Which of the following microorgan- isms are considered to be Eukarya? Select all that apply. A. Animalia B. Plantae C. Fungi D. Protista All of the above (Animalia, plantae, fungi, and pro- tista) 14. Microorganisms classified as _________ obtain most of their en- ergy by converting light energy into chemical energy. Plantae 15. A defining characteristic of fungi is the presence of chitin in the cell walls. Which of following also con- tain chitin? Select all that apply. A. Mushrooms B. Bacteria C. Yeast D. Molds Mushrooms, yeast, and molds 16. True or False: A defining character- istic of Protista is the inability of colonies to form tissue layers. True 17. The function of the lysosome is (se- lect all that apply): A. Lipid synthesis B. Protein synthesis C. To produce energy (ATP) D. Protein modification and distribu- tion Waste disposal via hydrolytic en- zymes (Lysosomes are membrane-en- closed organelles capable of de- grading unwanted cellular debris). 3 / 32

BIOD 171 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c6zjbf 22. True or False: As movement requires energy, metabolism can be defined as a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in only motile organisms in order to maintain life. False (Metabolism occurs in all living or- ganisms, not just those that move). 23. True or False: Enzymes slow down chemical reactions to conserve en- ergy. False (Enzymes catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions). 24. What is the term for metal ions that assist enzymes during the catalysis reaction? Cofactors are usually metal ions and assist enzymes during the catalysis reactions. 25. Define anabolism. Anabolism is the process of building up or biosynthesis of macromole- cules from small molecular units into much larger complexes. 26. In order to convert proteins into amino acids which metabolic process would be active? Catabolism would be active as pro- teins are made up of amino acids. Therefore the process described (proteins into amino acids) is the breakdown, or catabolism of protein. 27. Describe the energy transfer process relative to both ATP and ADP. ATP has the energy (phosphate group) to donate while ADP can ac- cept energy in the form of a phos- phate group. Thus, ATP can be de- phosphorylated (ATP ö ADP + Pi), while ADP can be phosphorylated into ATP (ADP + Pi ö ATP). 28. From what source do chemotrophs acquire energy? Chemotrophs acquire energy from preformed chemicals found in the environment. 29. An organism that derives its energy by removing electrons from elemen- Lithotroph 5 / 32

BIOD 171 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c6zjbf tal sulfur would be classified as a __________? 30. This phosphorylation process oc- curs in the mitochondria of chemotropic eukaryotes. A. Substrate-level phosphorylation B. Photophosphorylation C. Oxidative phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation 31. The catabolism of a single molecule of glucose goes through what 3 dis- tinct transitions? The breakdown of glucose goes through (1) Glycolysis then (2) Fer- mentation or Respiration and final- ly through (3) the electron transport chain (ETC). 32. What is the most energetic transition in the catabolism of glucose? The electron transport chain yields 34 ATP while both glycolysis and fer- mentation (or respiration) each yield only 2 ATP. 33. Identify the reactants of the follow- ing chemical equation: Glucose + 2NAD+ ’ 2 NADH + 2 Pyru- vate + 2 ATP The reactants are to the left of the arrow: Glucose and 2NAD+ 34. What are the main two roles of glu- cose-6-phosphate in the cell? Glucose-6-phosphate, also known as G6P (1) prevents glucose from diffusing out of the cell as well as (2) serves as the signal molecule to the cell that glycolysis is about to begin 35. True or False: In the absence of oxy- gen fermentation produces 2 ATP. False (Fermentation only reduces NADH back to NAD+.) 36. What is the primary byproduct of the TCA cycle? Select all that apply. NADH and FADH2 6 / 32

BIOD 171 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c6zjbf membrane-enclosed organelles that contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll. 42. True or False: Chloroplasts are spe- cific to algae and plants. True 43. The process of carbon fixation be- gins with which of the following re- actants? Select all that apply. A. CO2 B. H2O C. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate D. ATP E. NADPH CO2, H2O, ATP, NADPH (Carbon fixation uses the ATP/NADPH produced during light reactions to convert CO2 and H2O into useful sources of energy (carbo- hydrates.)) 44. What is true pertaining to the light reactions of photosynthesis? Select all that apply. A. It is the second step of photosyn- thesis B. Results in the formation of NADP and ADP C. Process results in a proton con- centration gradient D. It is known as the Calvin cycle E. It is the first step of photosynthe- sis F. Results in the formation of carbo- hydrates G. Process results in carbon fixation C. Process results in a proton con- centration gradient E. It is the first step of photosynthe- sis H. Results in the formation of ATP and NADPH I. Occurs in the membrane J. It converts light energy into chem- ical energy L. It is known as photophosphoryla- tion 8 / 32

BIOD 171 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c6zjbf H. Results in the formation of ATP and NADPH I. Occurs in the membrane J. It converts light energy into chem- ical energy K. Does not depend on sunlight L. It is known as photophosphoryla- tion 45. True or False: The Calvin cycle must occur in the absence of light. False (The term 'dark reactions' (also known as the Calvin Cycle) simply denotes the second stage in pho- tosynthesis—dark reactions do not actually require darkness in order to occur.) 46. How many turns (or repititions) of the Calvin Cycle are required to gen- erate one molecule of glucose? 6 47. Complete the following equation by placing the appropriate numbers where indicated. __CO2 + __ATP + __NADPH + __ H20 ’ C6H12O6 + __ADP + __NADP+ 1. 6 2. 18 3. 12 4. 12 5. 18 6. 12 6 CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH + 12 H20 --> C6H12O6 + 18 ADP + 12 NADP+ 48. Match the following reactions to its corresponding enzyme: 1. Hydrolases 2. Isomerases 9 / 32