EXAM 1

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University Of Arizona *

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302

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Biology

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Jan 9, 2024

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Question 1 What original question drove research at Tumamoc Hill in Tucson early in the 20 th century? How can anything survive and function in this desert environment? How do different species interact with each other? Why is nature constant and unchanging? How many species are there in this place? Question 2 How does ecology differ from natural history? Ecology involves proposing and testing hypotheses about the interaction of organisms with their environment Ecology involves documenting patterns in nature Ecology involves careful observations of organisms in their natural environment Question 3 Tumamoc Hill in Tucson played an important role in the history of ecology. Which of the statements below is true of Tumamoc Hill? The earliest studies at Tumamoc Hill focused on the adaptations of desert organisms It is the oldest ecological research study site in North America It is the birthplace of the oldest journal in the field, Ecology Women were among the first ecologists working at Tumamoc Hill All of the above Question 4 Someone hears that you are taking Ecology this semester and says, "Oh, I'm very concerned about ecology. I compost everything and I'm considering installing solar energy panels on my roof." These aren't issues we cover in this course. Why not? Ecology does not inform solutions to environmental problems Ecology is a basic science that addresses questions about general relationships between organisms and their environments Ecologists don't care about the environment

Unit 3: Practice of Ecology Question 5 What DON'T we get from an observational study? An understanding of patterns and possible processes detectable under natural conditions Inference of causality Opportunities to test ideas that are not feasible to test with a manipulative experiment Question 6 Which of the following statements about good manipulative experiments is TRUE? A good experiment includes systematic variation of one or more hypothesized causal factors. A good experiment should include a potentially confounding factor in at least one group. A good experiment should only include replication if the hypothesis has never been tested before. Question 7 I am studying a species of desert toad that lays its eggs in small pools of water after a rain, and I suspect this must be a very competitive environment for the young. If I find pools with different densities (# per area) of eggs in them currently, I predict that toads will lay fewer new eggs in pools that already have a higher density of eggs. Which type of study does this mean I am planning to do? Manipulative experiment Observational study Question 8 I am studying two behavioral types in males of a crab, Hoppers and Swayers. I predict that if I place Hoppers with either a Swayer or another Hopper in an enclosure, and then add a female to see who she chooses as a mate, Hoppers will win the mate a higher fraction of time when they are against a Swayer, than when they are against another Hopper. Which type of study does this mean I am planning to do? Manipulative experiment

Observational study Question 9 Match the outcomes to whether they are obtained from manipulative experiments or observational studies: Tests for patterns and possible processes under natural conditions Inference of causality Tests of causes that are difficult to control 1 . Manipulative experiments 2 . Observational studies Question 10 You like to watch the penguin feeding time at the zoo. Two keepers toss out fish at either end of the penguin pool, one more quickly than the other. You notice that the keeper tossing more fish per minute always has a bigger group of penguins in front of her. You hypothesize that the amount of food that each keeper tosses out per minute is determining the group size of penguins, and you would like to conduct a study to test this idea. Which of the options below is a specific prediction that would test your hypothesis? Select the best option: If you randomly assign one keeper toss fish at a higher rate of fish per minute, and the other to toss fish at a lower rate, the group size of penguins will be higher in front of the keeper tossing more fish. If you find a larger group of feeding penguins, it will be in front of a keeper tossing fish at a higher rate of fish per minute. If you randomly assign one keeper toss fish at a higher rate of fish per minute, and the other to toss fish at a lower rate, the group size of penguins will be lower in front of the keeper tossing more fish. Question 11 Hiking in the Sonoran Desert, you often see jackrabbits. They usually have very large ears, but you discover there is a population of jackrabbits on one of the mountain ranges where most individuals have small ears. You hypothesize that smaller ears are a local adaptation to the higher elevation environment. Which of the options below is a specific prediction that would test your hypothesis? Select the best option: If you find large-eared and small-eared jackrabbits at the high elevation, the large-eared will rear more offspring during their lives than the large-eared. 2 2 1

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If you find large-eared and small-eared jackrabbits at the high elevation, the small-eared will rear more offspring during their lives than the large-eared. If you look for large-eared and small-eared jackrabbits at the high elevation, you will find more small- eared. Question 12 I am studying horned beetles and you notice that in very high density populations the beetles have large horns, but in other populations the beetles have small horns, and I suspect that this is due to a plastic change. I predict that if I rear beetles in my laboratory at different densities, average horn size will increase with density of beetles. Given this prediction, which is the INDEPENDENT variable? Fitness of individual beetles Density of beetles Average horn size Question 13 I am studying horned beetles and you notice that in very high density populations the beetles have large horns, but in other populations the beetles have small horns, and I suspect that this is due to a plastic change. I predict that if I rear beetles in my laboratory at different densities, average horn size will increase with density of beetles. Given this prediction, which is the DEPENDENT variable? Fitness of individual beetles Average horn size Density of beetles Question 14 I am studying a species of octopus and find that some individuals have more resistance (immunity) to a common skin disease than others. I hypothesize that immunity will trades off with investments in other major life history traits. I predict that if I sample skin cells from different octopi in the wild, and assay them for immunity, females with higher immunity will produce fewer eggs. Given this prediction, which is the INDEPENDENT variable? Mortality from skin disease

Immunity to skin disease Number of eggs Question 14.1 I am studying horned beetles and you notice that in very high density populations the beetles have large horns, but in other populations the beetles have small horns, and I suspect that this is due to a plastic change. I predict that if I rear beetles in my laboratory at different densities, average horn size will increase with density of beetles. Which type of study does this mean I am planning to do? Question 6 options: Manipulative experiment Observational study Question 15 I am studying a species of desert toad that lays its eggs in small pools of water after a rain, and I suspect this must be a very competitive environment for the young. If I find pools with different densities (# per area) of eggs in them currently, I predict that toads will lay fewer new eggs in pools that already have a higher density of eggs. Given this prediction, which is the DEPENDENT variable? Number of new eggs Size of the pool Density of existing eggs Question 16 I am studying a species of butterfly whose caterpillars often feed in groups together on the same leaf of their host plant. When they are in a group, they seem to confuse predators and avoid being picked off and eaten, but they have to share the leaf they are eating. I predict that if I put many caterpillars in an enclosure with both large and small leaves, the large leaves will attract bigger groups of caterpillars than the small leaves. Given this prediction, which should be my unit of replication?

Populations (groups) of caterpillars choosing leaves Individual caterpillars Individual leaves Question 17 I am studying how the environment affects how sounds are heard. I predict that if I play calls of a bird species in urban environments, the calls played at a higher pitch will attract more mates than calls played at a lower pitch. Given this prediction, which should be my unit of replication? Individual bird call Populations of birds Communities of birds Question 18 I am studying a species of octopus and find that some individuals have more resistance (immunity) to a common skin disease than others. I hypothesize that immunity will trades off with investments in other major life history traits. I predict that if I sample skin cells from different octopi in the wild, and assay them for immunity, females with higher immunity will produce fewer eggs. Given this prediction, which should be my unit of replication? Individual octopus Populations of octopi Communities of octopi Question 18.1 I am studying a species of octopus and find that some individuals have more resistance (immunity) to a common skin disease than others. I hypothesize that immunity will trades off with investments in other major life history traits. I predict that if I sample skin cells from different octopi in the wild, and assay them for immunity, females with higher immunity will produce fewer eggs.

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Which of the figures below would be the best choice for showing my prediction? Question 19 options: A B Question 18.2 When creating a figure for a prediction or result, the INDEPENDENT variable typically goes on which axis? x - axis y - axis either axis Question 19 I am studying a species of desert toad that lays its eggs in small pools of water after a rain, and I suspect this must be a very competitive environment for the young. If I fi nd pools with diff erent densities (# per area) of eggs in them currently, I predict that toads will lay fewer new eggs in pools that already have a higher density of eggs. Which of the fi gures below would be the best choice for showing my prediction? A B Question 20

I am studying how the environment affects how sounds are heard. I predict that if I play calls of a bird species in urban environments, the calls played at a higher pitch will attract more mates than calls played at a lower pitch. Which of the figures below would be the best choice for showing my prediction? A B Unit 4: Evolution in Ecology Question 21 Which of the following are consistent with an adaptationist view of behavior? Behavior differs among individuals Behavior is genetic (heritable) Organisms behave optimally under different environments All of the above Question 22 Which statement is NOT true about natural selection? Natural selection a population affects all loci Natural selection affects loci that are also affected by genetic drift Natural selection happens only in some populations Question 23 Which statement is NOT true about genetic drift? Genetic drift affects all loci Genetic drift happens in all populations Genetic drift affects loci that are also affected by selection Genetic drift happens only in small populations Question 24

When are differences in survival and reproduction 'random' in terms of their effects on evolution? When differences in survival or reproduction are the consequence of the alleles that an individual carries. When differences in survival or reproduction are NOT a consequence of the alleles that an individual carries. These differences are never random in their effects on evolution. When differences in survival or reproduction are not a consequence of the traits of an individual. Question 25 Which evolutionary process typically generates our starting hypotheses for the ecological patterns the we observe? Mutation (Natural) selection, which leads to adaptation Gene flow Genetic drift Question 26 Match the ways that ecological interactions can affect evolutionary mechanisms Interactions with the environment affect population size Interactions with the environment affect the movement of individuals Interactions between individuals with different traits and the environment create differences in survival and reproduction 1 . Genetic Drift 2 . Selection 3 . Gene Flow Unit 5: Life History Question 27 A 'live fast die young' life history strategy is associated with which type of environment? High stress / extreme conditions High competition with others of the same species High resource availability 1 3 2

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Question 28 You are studying populations of bats that are experiencing a fungal infection. Some populations are evolving defenses against the infection, but you know that defenses come at the cost of other major life history investments. What is another major life history component that might decline with increasing defenses in the bats? Reproduction Survival Growth All of the above Question 29 Which function or functions are part of major trade-offs in life history? Reproduction Longevity Defense All of the above Question 30 You are studying populations of bats that are experiencing a fungal infection. Some populations are evolving defenses against the infection. Populations that have evolved defenses are growing larger in abundance and individuals are competing more for resources. Which strategy is likely to become more favorable in the populations with defenses? Plastic strategy K-strategy ('slow and steady wins the race') r-strategy ('live fast die young) Unit 6: Optimality Question 31 When mountain climbers from most parts of the world attempt to climb Mt. Everest, they spend weeks at a high elevation base camp before attempting the summit climb. They do this to improve their body's ability to capture oxygen from the low oxygen environment at high elevations

(mainly through increased baseline breathing rate). What is this an example of? Adaptive plasticity / acclimation Genotype Adaptation Mutation Question 32 Match the descriptions below with the terms. Not all terms may be used, and a term may be used more than once. Differences in fitness among individuals due to their trait differences Evolution in response to fitness differences among individuals Non-genetic change in traits in response to the environment Any change in allele frequencies over time (generations) Non-genetic change that maintains optimal traits across environments 1 . Selection 2 . Adaptation 3 . Evolution 4 . Plasticity 5 . Adaptive plasticity Question 33 You are studying butterflies on a mountainside. You discover a new population down in the valley where the environment has many more resources. The butterflies in the valley are producing many more eggs than on the mountainside.Since this discovery, you have done an experiment. You have taken caterpillars from moutainside and valley populations and brought them into the lab to breed. You have found that butterflies from the two populations lay about the same number of eggs in the lab. Does your evidence now suggest that the differences in the wild are most likely due to: gene flow adaptation genetic drift behavioral change (plasticity)

could be any of these Question 34 You encounter a new beetle to science, which you name Scarabaeus barbii (Barbie's scarab). The beetles vary from light pink to dark pink, but most are a bright, medium pink. You are wondering if their color is an adaptation the environment and medium pink is the optimal color for them. You decide to test your hypothesis of optimality. If your results do not match your predictions, what would explain this? The trait is not optimized You are missing measurements of some costs or benefits Either of the above could be true Question 35 You have joined a research group studying the timing of singing in chickadees. Your job is to test whether timing of the birds' songs before dawn is optimal. You measure the timing of male birds' singing, their fitness benefits in terms of success at mating, and their fitness costs in terms of energy needs. According to this cost-benefit figure of your data, what is the optimal time to sing? 15 0 35 Unit 7: Behavior and Groups Question 36 The optimal trait (including behavior) for an individual is: Not the same as what is best for the group The same when it is alone vs. when it is in a group The same as what is best for the group Question 37 In this figure, as group size goes from 1 to 4, the payoff increases. What is a reason that this might happen?

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Competition Cheating Defense against predators Question 38 Which of the following are Benefits of living in groups, which are Costs to living in groups, and which are not associated with living in groups? Lifespan Body size Finding mates Competition Disease Division of labor 1 . Costs 2 . Benefits 3 . Not related to groups Question 38.1 Which of the following are Benefits of living in groups, which are Costs to living in groups, and which are not associated with living in groups? Question 38 options: 2 1 2 1 1 2

Cheaters Number of offspring 1 . Costs Body size 2 . Benefits Defense against predators 3 . Not related to groups Resource acquisition Disease Question 39 You are working in a pathology lab studying the virus Examinaria in mice. You collect the following information about two competing Examinaria strains, Aggressive and Mild: 1. Aggressive always out-competes Mild within a mouse for a payoff of 1. 2. Mild co-exists with Mild in a host for a payoff of ½. 3. Mild always loses to Aggressive for a payoff of 0. 4. Aggressive competing with Aggressive leads to immediate death of the mouse and a payoff of -1. Make a payoff matrix to solve this game. Based on the payoff matrix, is there one best Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS) in this game? Yes, Aggressive is the ESS Yes, Mild is the ESS No, Mixed ESS Question 40 You are studying lizards on campus, and discover that there are three strategies used by individuals competing for mates within one of your species: 1. Bold lizards fight with Bold lizards and the average Bold gets a payoff of ¼. 3 2 2 2 2 1

2. Bold always wins against Friendly, for a payoff of 1 to Bold and 0 to Friendly. 3. Friendly lizards share with each other and with Sneakers, for payoffs of ½. 4. Sneakers often steal mates from Bold when they aren’t looking, for a payoff to Sneaker of 1/8 and to Bold against a Sneaker of 7/8. 5. Sneakers have nothing to share with each other, so neither gets anything. Make a payoff matrix to solve this game. Based on the payoff matrix, is there one best Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS) in this game? Yes, Bold is the ESS Yes, Friendly is the ESS Yes, Sneaker is the ESS No, Mixed ESS Bonus Question 41 BONUS QUESTION: You are growing two varieties of peppers, and you want to test which ones taste better (at least to you and your friends). You grow several pots of each variety under the same conditions, and you invite several friends over to taste several of each kind. You therefore have replication of several things: you have replication of pots within each variety of pepper, you have replication of people tasting the peppers, and you have replication of peppers within each pot! All of these are good forms of replication for different reasons. What would increasing the number of people tasting be especially good for? Better estimate of the average opinion of all people about a particular plant Better estimate of the preference of an individual person Better estimate of the differences between the varieties

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Question 42 Which statement is NOT true about gene flow? Gene flow affects loci that are also affected by genetic drift Gene flow happens to all populations Gene flow into a population affects all loci Gene flow happens only to some populations You are interested in whether jumping spiders that live on top of Mt. Lemmon here in the Santa Catalina Mountains are better adapted to lower oxygen levels than jumping spiders from lower elevations like Tucson. Question 43 You compare individuals from a small population from low elevation to those from a small population from high elevation. You test the performance of individuals under different oxygen conditions, but you do not find that the individuals are adapted to their different oxygen environments. Why might these populations not have been able to adapt? All of the above Genetic drift Lack of genetic variation

Gene flow Question 44 Which are the four fundamental mechanisms of evolution? Mutation, founder effect, genetic drift, and adaptation Mutation, genetic drift, selection, and gene flow Mutation, gene flow, migration, and selection Question 45 What is meant by ecology being 'adaptationist'? Ecologists only study adaptation Only adaptations are involved in interactions with the environment Starting hypotheses in ecology typically involve ideas about how ecological interactions are adaptive Question 46 Match the term to its definition: The rates of survival and reproduction over time The mechanism of evolution that is directly affected by population size The number of individuals of a species at a particular location and time Non-genetic change in a trait in response to the environment The geographic locations where a species is found 1 . Fitness 2 . Adaptation 3 . Genetic drift 4 . Plasticity 5 . Abundance 6 . Distribution

Survival and reproduction Allele frequency change in response to natural selection 7 . Vital rates Question 47 Which is the definition of evolution? Random genetic mutations Allele frequency change in a population over time Mutations that lead to fitness differences among individuals Adaptation to the environment Question 48 You are studying a population of birds isolated on a small island. You discover that there the density of birds is much higher on the island than on the mainland, and birds are competing fiercely for resources. What other differences might you predict would evolve on the island as a result of the differences in density and competition? Larger offspring on the island More offspring on the island Reduced parental investment on the island All of the above Question 49

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Why is there not one best life history strategy across all environments? Resources are available at different places and times Mortality happens at different life stages and times of year Trade-offs among functions mean that not all investments can be increased at once Question 50 A 'slow and steady' life history strategy is associated with which type of environment? Question 30 options: High competition with others of the same species High stress / extreme conditions High resource availability Question 51 Indigenous people from the Tibetan plateau and other very high-elevation parts of the world are able to function physiologically and reproduce better in a low-oxygen environment than people of other ancestries. In 2010, a genome sequencing project identified several alleles at different loci which increased the efficiency of oxygen use, and showed that these alleles are at high frequency in people of Tibetan ancestry, a pattern not seen in their close relatives of Han Chinese ancestry who historically lived at lower elevations. What is this an example of? Adaptive plasticity / acclimation Gene flow Adaptation

Genetic drift Question 52 Organisms can have traits optimized to deal with differences in the environment in multiple ways, including which of the following? Adaptive plasticity / behavior Local adaptation Both of the above Question 53 When we observe repeated evolution of changes in traits experiencing the same changes in environments (parallel evolution), what does this tell us? The same change in environment has resulted in the same change in trait optimum Traits are not optimized Gene flow is causing different populations to be the same, genetically Genetic drift is causing traits to diverge in all populations Question 54 You have joined a research group studying the timing of singing in chickadees. Your job is to test whether timing of the birds' songs before dawn is optimal. You do a large study to measure the timing of male birds' singing, their fitness benefits in terms of success at mating, and their fitness costs in terms of energy needs. After all of that work, you find that most birds are singing several minutes later than what you

determined to be the optimal timing. What is the most likely reason that the birds didn't fit your prediction? Measurement error You missed measuring other costs of singing early You needed to measure more birds until you got the answer that you wanted Question 55 You encounter a new beetle to science, which you name Scarabaeus barbii (Barbie's scarab). The beetles vary from light pink to dark pink, but most are a bright, medium pink. You are wondering if their color is an adaptation the environment and medium pink is the optimal color for them. You decide to test your hypothesis of optimality. What would you measure as your DEPENDENT variable? Their fitness Their environment Their color Question 56 You are studying the timing of when individual birds sing in the morning. Some birds sing early, and some sing late, and they compete with each other to attract mates. The results of competition between Early and Late birds: 1. Early birds compete with one another and the average payoff is 0.15 2. Early birds usually win against Late birds, but not always, for a payoff of 0.75 3. Late birds win occasionally against Early birds and incur some cost, for a payoff of 0.20

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4. Late birds share with each other for a payoff of 0.5 Make a payoff matrix to solve this game. Based on the payoff matrix, is there one best Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS) in this game? Yes, Early is the ESS Yes, Late is the ESS No, Mixed ESS Question 57 You are studying lizards on campus, and discover that there are three strategies used by individuals competing for mates within one of your species: 1. Bold lizards fight with Bold lizards and the average Bold gets a payoff of ¼. 2. Bold always wins against Friendly, for a payoff of 1 to Bold and 0 to Friendly. 3. Friendly lizards share with each other and with Sneakers, for payoffs of ½. 4. Sneakers often steal mates from Bold when they aren’t looking, for a payoff to Sneaker of 1/8 and to Bold against a Sneaker of 7/8. 5. Sneakers have nothing to share with each other, so neither gets anything.

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Make a payoff matrix to solve this game. Based on the payoff matrix, is there one best Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS) in this game? Question 40 options: Yes, Bold is the ESS Yes, Friendly is the ESS Yes, Sneaker is the ESS No, Mixed ESS Match the views of ecological interactions with their time period: Question 1 options: Historical science of ecology Current science of ecology 1 . Static, unchanging, at equilibrium 2 . Variable, changing, dynamic 3 . Increasing 4 . Declining Someone heard that you're taking this course, and tells you "Oh, I'm very concerned about the ecology. I always recycle my cans." What is a reason that you wouldn't expect to learn about recycling in an Ecology course? Question 2 options: Recycling is not important Recycling doesn't involve anything to do with ecology Recycling is not itself a scientific study of the interactions of organisms with each other and with their environment 3 2

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Match the following life history terms to their descriptions. Not all terms may be used, and a term may be used more than once. Question 28 options: Adaptation to cues that predict changes in the environment Adaptation to a low resource / high competition environment Specifically includes 'stress tolerator' strategy (adaptation to stressful environments) Adaptation to a high resource / low competition environment Match the term to its definition: Question 25 options: The rates of survival and reproduction over time The mechanism of evolution that is directly affected by population size The number of individuals of a species at a particular location and time Non-genetic change in a trait in response to the environment The geographic locations where a species is found Survival and reproduction Allele frequency change in response to natural selection 3 1 2 4 1 3 5 7 6 2 4

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EXAM 1

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