Exam 3

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Jan 9, 2024

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Unit 16: Species Interactions Question 1 In a small insect-plant community, bees visit flowers to feed upon nectar, and in the process pollinate the flowers, while certain spiders sit on the same flowers to grab, kill, and eat bees when they visit. Thinking about the grid of interspecific interactions, what is the probable relationship between SPIDERS and PLANTS in this community? Antagonism Mutualism Commensalism Question 2 Which of the following lists are all types of antagonism? Mutualism, competition, and commensalism. Predation, parasitism, and herbivory. Commensalism, amensalism, and neutralism. Commensalism and competition. Question 3 Which interactions are neutral (zero) for one of two species only? Amensalism and neutralism. Parasitism and predation. Commensalism and amensalism. Competition and commensalism. Question 4 Which statement about interaction networks is true? They show that most interactions are highly specialized. They show that most interactions are obligate. They show symmetrical dependency: generalists interact with generalists and specialists interact with specialists. They show asymmetrical dependency: generalists commonly interact with specialists.

Question 5 From the perspective of one partner, an obligate species interaction: Is an interaction necessary for its survival or reproduction. Must involve only one other species. Both A and B Neither A nor B Question 6 Mistletoe can't reproduce without pollinators (because there are separate male and female plants), but there are many pollinator species that are equally effective. From the mistletoe's perspective, the interaction is Obligate and specialized. Obligate and generalized. Facultative and specialized. Facultative and generalized. Question 7 A coevolved species interaction: Involves no evolution of either partner species. Involves evolution only by one of the two partner species. Involves evolution by both partner species. Is unknown from nature. Question 8 Bootettix, a grasshopper, is an herbivore on creosote around Tucson. What is the best explanation for why Bootettix is so cryptic (hard to see) on this plant? Bootettix has evolved colors that match creosote. Creosote has evolved colors that match Bootettix. There has been coevolution between Bootettix and creosote. This is a matchup that has arisen due to no evolutionary change on the part of either partner.

Question 9 You are studying an interaction between a plant, its pollinators (bees), its seed dispersers (ants), and an endoparasite of its seed dispersing ants (a wasp). If the plant isn't bee-pollinated, it makes no fruit. Based on this information, Bees benefit ants. Bees benefit wasps (endoparasites of ants). Bees benefit both ants and wasps. Bees harm both ants and wasps. Unit 17: Competition Question 10 White-winged doves highly value the few, large, sweet fruits produced by saguaros. While ignoring each other, they race to eat them all. This is an example of: Interspecific exploitation competition. Interspecific interference competition. Intraspecific exploitation competition. Intraspecific interference competition. Question 11 A saguaro seedling and its nurse tree compete for water in the soil. This is an example of: Interspecific exploitation competition. Interspecific interference competition. Intraspecific exploitation competition. Intraspecific interference competition .

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Question 12 Moths and bats both feed at saguaro flowers. Bats attack the moths trying to feed on the same pool of nectar. This is an example of: Interspecific exploitation competition. Interspecific interference competition. Intraspecific exploitation competition. Intraspecific interference competition. Question 13 Sometimes, populations grow so fast that they exhaust their food resource and then crash to zero. Resource partitioning is essential for populations to persist in the presence of competitors of other species. Populations can persist if their food resource reproduces at an extremely rapid rate. Reindeer were introduced to St Matthew Island, where they had no major predators, and their population grew very quickly as they found lots of lichen to eat. However, lichen grows very slowly, and the lichen populations were not able to regrow fast enough to sustain the booming Reindeer populations, and they starved. Which of the following CAN be concluded from what happened when reindeer were introduced to St. Matthew Island? Question 14 The Lotka-Volterra Competition Model shows us that that: The Competitive Exclusion Principle is correct and a great description of nature. Competitors are able to coexist if intraspecific competition is more limiting to population growth than interspecific competition is. Competitors are able to coexist only if they use resources in the same way. Species don't actually compete for resources. Question 15

Which statement about the classic competition experiments involving two Paramecium species is FALSE? The experiment involved interspecific competition. The experiment involved exploitation competition. Each species, when grown alone, exhibited logistic growth. When grown together, the species exhibited logistic growth, but each reached a lower carrying capacity than when it was grown alone. Question 16 Work on coexisting Darwin's finch species in the Galapagos Islands has led biologists to conclude that: One species has diverged from the other in beak size and thus resource use; the other has not evolved. Only when beak sizes and thus resources uses were very different between colonizing species have they both been able to persist. Competing Darwin's finches have diverged from each other in beak size and thus resource use. Coexistence has been possible because each species has coevolved with its preferred seeds. Question 17 How does heavy wave action on the Oregon shore permit coexistence of mussels and sea palms (and probably other species as well)? It permits resource (food) partitioning. It permits resource (space) partitioning. It leads to coevolution of competitors. It keeps populations small enough so that resources don't become limiting. Question 18

As discussed in lecture, what was the approach used by ecologists to study how two barnacle species coexist? They compared habitats that had only one barnacle species with habitats that had both barnacle species, and asked whether resource use was different only when they were together. They put the two species together and observed evolutionary change in resource use within a few barnacle generations. They removed one barnacle, then observed if the other one shifted where it grew on the rocks. They did this for each of the two barnacles. They put both species, mixed together, on rocks, then observed over time how they shifted away from each other in space. Units 18/19/20: Antagonism Question 19 Which of the following interactions involves COMPLETE consumption of one organism by another organism? Predation. Parasitism. Herbivory. All of the above. Question 20 What is similar between herbivores and ectoparasites? Both eat plants. Individuals of both consume part but not all of their victims. Both tend to have highly generalized diets. Both feed on the inside of their victims. Question 21

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Red lionfish are very spiny, which is likely an adaptation resulting from selective pressures from other species. For which role (for red lionfish) in relation to other species was this likely important? Prey Predator Invader Omnivore Question 22 Which of the following is an adaptation of red lionfish, specifically in the context of its role as a PREY of other species? It is very spiny. It has very specific habitat requirements. It is very efficient at catching food. It has a broad diet. Question 23 Do we expect natural selection to be stronger on consumers (traits involved in catching food), or victims (traits protecting them from being eaten)? Consumers. Victims. We expect natural selection to be equally strong on both. We don't expect to see natural selection on either of them. Question 24 Red lionfish are very hard to spot (cryptic), which is likely an adaptation from selective pressures from other species. Which role in relation to other species was this likely important? Invader Predator/Consumer Prey Beautiful aquarium fish Question 25

We can expect to see organisms have very broad (generalized) diets when: Many victims can be obtained the same way. Many victims can be digested the same way. Different victims are pretty similar in their quality as food. All of the above. Question 26 Endoparasites are likely to be: More generalized in their diets than ectoparasites are. More specialized in their diets than ectoparasites are. Active hunters. Mutualists. Question 27 Which of the following do you think is NOT a characteristic of an antagonist that would be good to use for biological control? It has a broad diet. It is very efficient at finding food items. It needs to eat a lot. It is easy to establish it in the area with the victims you want to get rid of. Question 28 Datura has a few herbivores that are easily able to digest it, regardless of its highly toxic chemistry. Which of the following is possible? Datura and its herbivores are coevolving in an "arms race" of attack and defense. Datura has evolved to tolerate being consumed by herbivores. Both of these: there may be arms-race coevolution AND Datura may have evolved tolerance. Neither of these: there cannot have been arms-race coevolution AND Datura cannot have evolved tolerance to being eaten. Question 29

What was the main conclusion from Huffaker's experiments with mites living on a set of oranges in his lab? Competitors can coexist if their resource use is different enough. Competitors undergo population cycles in complex environments. The Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model does an excellent job of characterizing predator-prey dynamics. Predator and prey numbers undergo cycles, but cycles can only persist in a fairly complex environment. Question 30 With regard to lynx-hare predator-prey population cycles: It is a great example of the dynamics captured in the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model. Lynx drive hare populations down; lynx populations then crash, allowing hare populations to grow again. This process then continues. Population cycles start when they are put together experimentally, but it is very hard to keep the cycles going for the long term. The cycle can only be understood by studying how abundance of the hare's food, not only the hare and lynx themselves, changes over time. Unit 21: Disease Question 31 Bubonic plague is a highly communicable disease that is spread in two ways: by fleas (who bite rats, who bite people), and directly from person to person, usually due to contact with a sick person's bodily fluids. Bubonic plague is transmitted: Horizontally, without a vector. Horizontally, with a vector. Horizontally, both with and without a vector. Vertically. Question 32

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In the absence of vaccination, the best way to stop the spread of Covid-19 are measures that include masking, social distancing, and washing one's hands frequently. These control measures are typical of: Vertically transmitted diseases. All horizontally transmitted diseases. Diseases that are transmitted horizontally with the involvement of a vector. Diseases that are transmitted horizontally without the involvement of a vector. Question 33 Given the transmission mode of COVID-19, which of these would NOT be an effective way to stop its spread? Getting rid of mosquitoes and ticks where COVID-19 rates are high. Social distancing. Wearing masks. Frequent washing of hands. Question 34 The following figure shows the progression of a disease through a human population. Which is the correct labeling for the three kinds of individuals? Open=S, Striped=I, Solid=R Striped=S, Open=I, Solid=R Solid=S, Open=I, Striped=R Open=S, Solid=I, Striped=R

Question 35 Which is NOT an explanation for why some diseases persist longer in large, dense populations? There will be more frequent contact between susceptible and infected individuals. There will be a very large pool of susceptible individuals. There will be a higher rate of recovery from the disease. Question 36 Which diseases persist longer in larger, denser populations? Vertically transmitted diseases. Horizontally transmitted diseases. Horizontally transmitted diseases, but only those transmitted by vectors. Diagonally transmitted diseases. Question 37 The myxomatosis virus was highly virulent when it was first introduced to Australian rabbits, but in a few years most infected rabbits were surviving just fine. What is one reason why? The most fatal virus strains died inside the rabbits they killed, leaving the less severe ones. The virus quickly evolved to benefit the rabbits. The virus shifted to a different host species, leaving rabbits uninfected. The virus died out entirely. Question 38 Is the rabbit/myxomatosis virus story an example of the successful use of biological control? No, because it is not an example of the use of biological control at all. No, it was not a success: rabbits were not controlled by the virus as scientists had hoped. Yes, it was a success: it allowed rabbits to be fully eradicated from Australia. Yes, it was a success: rabbits evolved resistance to the virus, as scientists had hoped.

Question 39 Which of the following is true? Some highly successful pathogens have minimal effects on their hosts. Vertically transmitted pathogens tend to cause the worst symptoms in their hosts. Symptoms that host experience are always the result of trying to get rid of pathogens from the body. Symptoms that host experience are always the result of pathogens trying to make more copies of themselves. Study Design Question 40 In a small insect-plant community, bees visit flowers to feed upon nectar, and in the process pollinate the flowers, while certain spiders sit on the same flowers to grab, kill, and eat bees when they visit. I hypothesize that the bees can detect the presence of the spiders which helps them avoid predation. Which of the options below is a specific prediction that would test my hypothesis? Select the best option: If I place a spider on a flower, bees will visit less often. If I place a spider on a flower, bees will be eaten more often. If I place a spider on a flower, bees will visit more often. Question 41 I am studying small rodent (mouse and rat) species around Tucson. I hypothesize that rodent species coexist by eating different types of seeds. Which of the options below is a specific prediction that would test my hypothesis? Select the best option: Areas with more types of seeds will have more species of rodent. Areas with more types of seeds will have higher numbers of rodents. Areas with more types of seeds will have fewer species of rodent.

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Question 42 A small vertebrate, the sun devil, undergoes dramatic population cycles. So do wildcats, which specialize on eating sun devils. I predict that sun devils will have population cycles in locations with wildcats and will not have cycles where there are no wildcats. Given this prediction, which is the INDEPENDENT variable? Presence or absence of sun devils Presence or absence of population cycles in sun devils Presence or absence of wildcats Question 43 In a small insect-plant community, bees visit flowers to feed upon nectar, and in the process pollinate the flowers, while certain spiders sit on the same flowers to grab, kill, and eat bees when they visit. I predict that spiders with colors that match the flower (cryptic coloration) will have greater hunting success. Given this prediction, which is the INDEPENDENT variable? Spider color Match to flower color Hunting success Question 44 I am studying ant species around Tucson, and most of these are seed-eaters. I predict that locations with a higher abundance of seeds will have more ant species coexisting there. Given this prediction, which is the DEPENDENT variable? Abundance of seeds Number of ant species Density of ants

Question 45 In a small insect-plant community, bees visit flowers to feed upon nectar, and in the process pollinate the flowers, while certain spiders sit on the same flowers to grab, kill, and eat bees when they visit. I predict that spiders with colors that match the flower (cryptic coloration) will have greater hunting success. Given this prediction, which is the DEPENDENT variable? Match to flower color Spider color Hunting success Question 46 There is an introduced insect herbivore that is destroying soybeans. I find an insect predator from its native range that I think is a good option for biocontrol, and I introduce it. I predict that adding this biocontrol insect will decrease the soybean herbivore's abundance. Given this prediction, which should be my unit of replication? Populations of herbivores Individual herbivores Communities of herbivores Question 47 A small vertebrate, the sun devil, undergoes dramatic population cycles. So do wildcats, which specialize on eating sun devils. I predict that sun devils will have population cycles in locations with wildcats, and will not have cycles where there are no wildcats. Given this prediction, which should be my unit of replication? Populations of wildcats Populations of sun devils Individual sun devils

Question 48 If you have measured the number of individuals of a species in a set of plots, each placed at every meter mark along a 100m transect, which test would you use to see if these densities change in a predictable way along the transect? Note that your independent variable here is the position along the transect, and your dependent variable is density in a plot. Regression ANOVA Chi-squared Question 49 If you have measured the heights of individuals in plots at the bottom of a hill and in another set of plots at the top of the hill, which test would you use to test whether the distribution of heights is different between the two sites? For example, you might predict that at the bottom of the hill, there tend to be more extreme heights of very tall or very short individuals, relative to the distribution at the top of the hill. Chi-squared Regression ANOVA Question 50 I am testing the prediction that removing an herbivore will cause a rare cactus to increase in abundance. I have several sites where I either leave the herbivore or remove it. What kind of statistical test would be best for testing my prediction? Chi-square ANOVA Regression

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Bonus Question 51 This figure is from a paper about predatory behavior of humans. "Trophic" refers to whether the prey are herbivores or predators (i.e., carnivores); don't worry about "mesocarnivores". You can ignore panel D. Based on this figure, which conclusion is TRUE? Question 51 Marine predators exploit prey at a faster rate than fishermen do. There's a bigger difference between exploitation rates of hunters of carnivores and predators of carnivores, than between exploitation rates of hunters of herbivores and predators of herbivores. On a year-to-year basis, for a given prey population, hunters cause less prey mortality than predator’s cause. Marine predators and fishermen are more similar to each other in prey exploitation rate than terrestrial predators and hunters are to each other.

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