Self Check Quiz Questions from Exam 1 Units for Practice

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University Of Arizona *

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Biology

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Jan 9, 2024

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Question 1 Which of the following is NOT part of the definition of "ecology" as we use it in the course? Interactions between organisms Scientific study Immediate application to human welfare Interactions with the environment Question 2 "Ecology" as we use it in this course is not the same thing as "environmental science". Why not? Ecology does not ask questions or seek general patterns. Ecology isn't a science; environmental science is. Ecology isn't concerned with the environment. Ecology isn't directed at solving practical problems. Question 3 In Europe and the North America, when did scientific explanations for patterns of life on Earth started to diverge strongly from religious explanations? At the dawn of human history In the Middle Ages (1200-1450) From about 1650 to 1850 Early in the 20 th century Question 4 What original question drove research at Tumamoc Hill in Tucson early in the 20 th century? How many species are there in this place? How do different species interact with each other?

Why is nature constant and unchanging? How can anything survive and function in this desert environment? Question 5 Ecologists divide up and study the biological world in the following way: By habitat (desert, freshwater, ocean, etc.) By types of organisms (animals, plants, microbes) By hierarchical level (individuals, populations, communities, etc.) All of the above Question 6 Which of these methods do ecologists try NOT to use? Guesswork Theory and modeling Natural experiments Observations Manipulative experiments Question 7 What is a natural experiment? A manipulative experiment that is done in nature. An experiment that nature has done for you: it involves comparing sites or comparing times that differ in a key variable. An "experiment" that you run on the computer, using mathematical equations. Question 8 Which statement about how the practice of ecology is TRUE? It's always best to address an ecological question using a single method. It's always best to test an ecological hypothesis by making and testing a single prediction. Both a and b are true. Neither a nor b is true. Question 9

If you are interested in the following question, what would you designate as your independent variable in a study designed to test for this effect? "Is the thermal tolerance of beetles affected by the elevation where their habitat is located?" thermal tolerance beetles elevation habitat Question 10 What would be your unit of replication for the following study? "I reared beetles in cages placed at several different locations that varied in elevation, and measured their body size under each condition" a beetle body size elevation Question 11 Which are the four fundamental mechanisms of evolution? Mutation, genetic drift, selection, and gene flow Mutation, founder effect, genetic drift, and adaptation Mutation, gene flow, migration, and selection Question 12 Which statement is NOT true about genetic drift? Genetic drift affects all loci Genetic drift happens in all populations Genetic drift affects loci that are also affected by selection Genetic drift happens only in small populations

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Question 13 What is meant by ecology being 'adaptationist'? Starting hypotheses in ecology typically involve ideas about how ecological interactions are adaptive Only adaptations are involved in interactions with the environment Ecologists only study adaptation Question 14 Which statement is NOT true about gene flow? Gene flow happens only to some populations Gene flow into a population affects all loci Gene flow affects loci that are also affected by genetic drift Gene flow happens to all populations Question 15 Which is the definition of evolution? Random genetic mutations Adaptation to the environment Allele frequency change in a population over time Mutations that lead to fitness differences among individuals Question 16 What is life history? Natural history The pattern of life events The history of ecology Question 17 A 'slow and steady' life history strategy is associated with which type of environment?

High competition with others of the same species High resource availability High stress / extreme conditions Question 18 Which function or functions are part of major trade-offs in life history? Reproduction Longevity Defense All of the above Question 19 A 'live fast die young' life history strategy is associated with which type of environment? High competition with others of the same species High stress / extreme conditions High resource availability Question 20 You are studying populations of bats that are experiencing a fungal infection. Some populations are evolving defenses against the infection, but you know that defenses come at the cost of other major life history investments. What is another major life history component that might decline with increasing defenses in the bats? Reproduction Survival Growth All of the above Question 21 You have joined a research group studying the timing of singing in chickadees. Your job is to test whether timing of the birds' songs before dawn is optimal. You measure the timing of male birds' singing, their

fitness benefits in terms of success at mating, and their fitness costs in terms of energy needs. According to this cost-benefit figure of your data, what is the optimal time to sing? 15 0 35 Question 22 You have joined a research group studying the timing of singing in chickadees. Your job is to test whether timing of the birds' songs before dawn is optimal. You do a large study to measure the timing of male birds' singing, their fitness benefits in terms of success at mating, and their fitness costs in terms of energy needs. After all of that work, you find that most birds are singing several minutes later than what you determined to be the optimal timing. What is the most likely reason that the birds didn't fit your prediction? Measurement error You missed measuring other costs of singing early You needed to measure more birds until you got the answer that you wanted Question 23 Under which conditions would we expect a species to evolve local adaptation rather than adaptive plasticity? The environment is consistently different between two different places, and there is not much gene flow between them The ability for an organism to change its trait in response to environmental cues is genetic (heritable) and varies among individuals The environment changes during an organisms’ lifetime, and there are cues that tell the organism what the environment will be like

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The environment varies, but is not consistently different in different places Question 24 Organisms can optimize (adapt) their life history strategies to deal with variation in the environment in several ways, including which of the following? Plasticity / behavior Local adaptation Both of the above Question 25 When we observe that traits evolve in the same way, repeatedly, when populations are evolving in the same environments, what does this tell us? Traits are not optimized. Genetic drift is causing populations to diverge. The same change in environment has resulted in the same change in trait optimum. Gene flow is causing all of the populations to be the same, genetically. Question 26 The optimal trait (including behavior) for an individual is: The same when it is alone vs. when it is in a group Not the same as what is best for the group The same as what is best for the group

Question 27 Given this figure, who would benefit from an individual joining the group at a group size of 6 (making it 7)? Only the individual joining Neither the individual joining nor existing members of the group Both the individual joining and existing members of the group Only existing members of the group Question 28 Which of the following are Benefits of living in groups, which are Costs to living in groups, and which are not associated with living in groups? Body size Cheaters Resource acquisition Number of offspring Disease Defense against predators 1 . Costs 2 . Benefits 3 . Not related to groups Question 29 Make a payoff matrix with two behavioral types: Tough & Peaceful. They have the following interactions: 1. Peaceful gets nothing against Tough. 3 1 2 3 1 2

2. Peaceful shares food with Peaceful, for a benefit of ½. 3. Tough wins against Peaceful, for a benefit of 1. 4. Tough fights with Tough for an average payoff of 1/4. Which is the Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS)? Tough is the ESS Peaceful is the ESS Mixed ESS Question 30 You are studying lizards on campus, and discover that there are three strategies used by individuals competing for mates within one of your species: 1. Bold lizards fight with Bold lizards and the average Bold gets a payoff of ¼. 2. Bold always wins against Friendly, for a payoff of 1 to Bold and 0 to Friendly. 3. Friendly lizards share with each other and with Sneakers, for payoffs of ½. 4. Sneakers often steal mates from Bold when they aren’t looking, for a payoff to Sneaker of ¾ and only ¼ to Bold. 5. Sneakers have nothing to share with each other, so neither gets anything. Make a payoff matrix to solve this game. Based on the payoff matrix, is there one best Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS) in this game? Yes, Bold is the ESS Yes, Friendly is the ESS Yes, Sneaker is the ESS No, Mixed ESS

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