BIOL310 assignment02

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Biology

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Jan 9, 2024

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Assignment 2 ( 30 marks ) Question 1: Answer one (1) of the following: 1. Locate and review a current journal article (within the last ten years) that discusses a treatment for sexual dysfunction. Write a summary and review of this article, including your perspectives on the topic. Note: You are required to select a current, peer-reviewed journal article, not a short commentary or article found online. ( 10 marks ) Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) can be an extremely stressful health issue. It is defined as a lack of ability to experience the sexual response cycle (Hessami et al., 2020). FSD is much more prominent than one might realize, affecting approximately 40-45 percent of women worldwide. This number increases as the age of a woman increases. Currently, FSD lacks an effective therapeutic option. Present-day option available include hormonal supplements, prostaglandins, sildenafil, melanocortin agonists, or dopaminergic agonists (Hessami et al., 2020). However, the efficacy and safety of these medications are questionable and can lead to an increased risk of breast cancer and heart disease with long-term use. Recently there has been a desire to learn from the wisdom of traditional healers using herbal medications. Many women prefer using herbal remedies versus Western medicines to help them with FSD. Celery seed is widely used to treat menstrual issues, joint pain, gastrointestinal issues, edema, muscle spasms, and fertility issues (Hessami et al., 2020). In an article by Hessami et al. (2020), the authors conduct a clinical trial on the effectiveness of celery seed in women with female sexual dysfunction. In traditional manuscripts, celery seed has been shown to improve sexual function in women. Celery seed can be found in local pharmacies and vitamin shops and is widely sold as an aphrodisiac product. The study conducted by Hessami et al. (2020) aimed to evaluate the Biology 310: Biology of Human Sexuality (Revision 4) : Assignment 2

efficacy and safety of celery seed for the treatment of FSD. The authors conducted a parallel, randomized, double-blind clinical trial that included 80 women who were given celery seed 500 mg to take three times a day or a placebo pill three times a day for six weeks. The group was split in half, with 40 receiving placebo and 40 receiving the celery seed. A female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaire was used to evaluate the women’s sexual function before and after treatment. At the end of the six weeks, the women taking the celery seed noticed a significant improvement in their FSFI score compared to the women on a placebo and no serious side effects were noted. The study found that celery seed could be used as a safe and effective treatment in women experiencing FSD (Hessami et al., 2020). The article by Hessami et al. (2020) was well written and organized. Content is focused, and the information in this article is easy to read and understand. The article was published in a high-quality journal that experts review prior to publication. The authors all hold prominent positions in universities, research centers, hospitals, and pharmacies. The article was published a year ago and contained fresh up-to-date information for the supplement that is being researched. The reference list is comprehensive and includes reports from scholarly journals and no article more than nine years old. Citations throughout the piece are done in proper APA format. The article by Hessami et al. (2020) is beneficial in gathering information about celery seed for the use of FSD. Weaknesses that were noted were the small sample size and the short length of the study. There were only 80 women included in the study, and it lasted six weeks in total. While the results were promising, it should have been done with more participants to show greater efficacy. The study also relied on self-reporting through the FSFI questionnaire, which is subjective and can be subject to the bias of the participant, or participant inaccuracy. In addition, there were no Biology 310: Biology of Human Sexuality (Revision 4) : Assignment 2

prior studies done to compare results to, so there was no previous knowledge of what dose to use. Finally, only married women were used in the study as it was conducted in Iran and cultural and legal restrictions had to be followed. As a result, there was no comparison between married and unmarried women (Hessami et al., 2020). The strengths of the article include the detailed information on the study. The age of the women included in the study was 18-44. The women were all married and had issues with FSD for at least six months before the study. The husbands did not have problems with impotency as self-reported, and the women had to agree to engage in three sexual intercourse attempts a week for the entire six weeks of the study. The women were not allowed to use any other supplements for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. The study also listed the exclusion criteria, which included marital discord, pregnancy or breastfeeding, medications that could cause sexual dysfunction, menopause, diabetes, hypertension, and individuals with psychiatric disorders (Hessami et al., 2020). This article also included an efficacy assessment that explains how the participants were evaluated using the Female Sexual Function Index questionnaire, which is considered a popular and valid instrument for assessing women's sexual dysfunction. It was conducted on participants prior to starting celery seed, three weeks into the study, and at the end of the study. Details were given on scoring, and the higher the score, the better the outcome. A max score of 36 was possible. 26.5 or lower was considered sexual dysfunction (Hessami et al., 2020). A safety assessment was conducted, looking for any adverse outcomes, of which there were none. The study was randomized and double-blind, which allowed for bias to be minimized. Statistical analysis was done on the participants, using a certified statistician who did not know who received the celery root or the placebo. The article contained tables listing the details of the Biology 310: Biology of Human Sexuality (Revision 4) : Assignment 2

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participants and a decision tree for the enrollment and eligibility of the participants. The study by Hessami et al. (2020) also includes a detailed table of the results of the FSFI questionnaire upon enrollment at three weeks and the end of the study. A detailed discussion of the research and findings follows and a declaration that none of the researchers had anything to gain from the study results. This article was well written and involved a comprehensively executed study. The findings suggest that consuming celery seed could potentially increase sexual desire, arousal, and lubrication. It is also noted that celery seed could reduce pain associated with sexual intercourse. In this writer's opinion, while the participant number is small, the study is promising, and celery seed is a potential solution for women who suffer from female sexual dysfunction. Celery seed is generally considered safe and has been a supplement that has been around for decades. Toxicity testing in rats shows no issues of toxicity even at high levels given daily. Compared to the placebo, celery seed showed significant effectiveness in relieving FSD (Hessami et al., 2020). More studies will need to be conducted in the future and contain higher participant counts, older women, women with comorbidities, as well as unmarried women. Reference Hessami, K., Rahnavard, T., Hosseinkhani, A., Azima, S., Sayadi, M., Faraji, A., Emamghoreishi, M., Vafaei, H., Hessami, A., Foroughinia, L., Kaviani, M., Roozmeh, S., & Asadi, N. (2020). Treatment of women's sexual dysfunctions suing Apium graveonlens L. Fruit (celery seed): A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 264 , 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/jep.2020.113400 Biology 310: Biology of Human Sexuality (Revision 4) : Assignment 2

Question 2: Answer one (1) of the following: 2. Imagine you are teaching a course on “how to get pregnant” for young couples. Create a presentation using diagrams and charts to explain the menstrual cycle and help the couple understand when the female is ovulating. The goal is to help the couple understand the best time for them to have intercourse to maximize their chances of conception. In your response, include strategies they may use to enhance their chances of conception. ( 20 marks ) See attached power point presentation. Biology 310: Biology of Human Sexuality (Revision 4) : Assignment 2

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