BIO201 Lab 2

Lab 2 Cell Structure and Function BIO201L Student Name: Narek Hakobbyan Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): AC-NFDQUK Lab Report Format Expectations Utilize college level grammar and professional formatting when completing this worksheet. Submissions without proper formatting, all required photos or sufficient responses will be rejected. Pre- lab Questions 1. Identify the major similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. These cells are related and different in some ways. Genetic material (DNA), ribosomes, and cytoplasm are all parts of both cells. Prokaryotic cells, on the other hand, are usually smaller and don't have a real nucleus or organelles that are bound to membranes. Instead, eukaryotic cells are bigger, have a real nucleus, and have many structures that are attached to membranes. They also divide in more complicated ways. For making energy, eukaryotic cells have special parts called mitochondria and chloroplasts, while bacterial cells use easier methods. These differences show how different these two types of cells are in terms of their skills and how complicated they are. 2. Where is the DNA housed in a prokaryotic cell? Where is it housed in a eukaryotic cell? For prokaryotic cell the DNA in a bacterial cell is kept in a place called the nucleoid. The nucleoid doesn't have a membrane-bound nucleus around it. Instead, it's made up of a small area in the cytoplasm where the bacterial cell's single circular DNA molecule is concentrated. In regardes to eukaryotic cell, the DNA in a living cell is kept in a nucleus that is surrounded by a membrane. The nucleus is a separate organelle that is surrounded by two membranes. These membranes are called the nuclear envelope. The genetic material is grouped into many long chromosomes inside the nucleus. One big difference between bacterial and eukaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells have DNA that is separated from prokaryotic DNA in the nucleus. 3. Name three structures which provide support and protection in a eukaryotic cell. Cell Membrane: The plasma membrane, which is another name for the cell membrane, surrounds the whole cell and keeps it safe. Some eukaryotic cells have a hard cell wall that is separate from the cell membrane. This is found in plant cells, fungal cells, and some protists. In living cells, the cytoskeleton is made up of protein fibers and tubules that run through the cytoplasm.

Lab 2 Cell Structure and Function BIO201L EXPERIMENT 1: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Introduction Questions 1. What is the difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum? Ribosomes are not in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. There are ribosomes on the top of rough endoplasmic reticulum. 2. Would an animal cell be able to survive without a mitochondria? Why or why not? Animal cells wouldn't be able to live in mitochondria because they are not able to do cell respiration or turn food energy into ATP. 3. What is the function of a lysosome? Many digestive enzymes are found in lysosomes and are used to break down broken or unknown materials inside the cell.

Lab 2 Cell Structure and Function BIO201L EXPERIMENT 2: EXPLORING CELL SIZE Introduction Questions 1. State the surface area equation used in this experiment. Use an equation editor to insert this equation below, using correct mathematical formatting to include symbols, fractions and superscripts. Your response must be formatted correctly for credit . Surface area = 4πr2 2. State the volume equation used in this experiment. Use an equation editor to insert this equation below, using correct mathematical formatting to include symbols, fractions and superscripts. Your response must be formatted correctly for credit . V = 4/3 π r³ 3. If you were to double the size of a cell, how would its surface area and volume change? Use the two equations you stated above to discuss this. ( Hint : Think of which of these two terms grows faster with an increase in radius.) Two times the surface area would make it four times the original surface area. To make the volume and surface area twice as big, we need to multiply the radius by 3√2

Lab 2 Cell Structure and Function BIO201L Data and Observations In the table below, input the radius you selected with the dial in the experiment. (Note, the experiment will report the diameter, but the table requires the radius.) For each of the radii, calculate the values in the table and record the observed “Time to Center of Cell” that you observed. Table 1: Surface Area and Volume in Relation to Cell Size Radius (µm) Surface Area (µm 2 ) Volume (µm 3 ) Surface Area:Volume Ratio Time to Center of the Cell (s) 15 2827.43 14137.17 0.1999 0.075 30 11309.73 113097.33 0.0999 0.15 45 25446.90 381703.5 0.0666 0.225 60 45238.93 904778.68 0.0499 0.3 75 70685.83 1767145.87 0.0399 0.375 90 101727.6 3053628.1 0.0333 0.45 105 138544.23 4849048.26 0.0285 0.525 120 180955.73 7238229.47 0.0249 0.60 135 229022.10 10305994.7 0.0222 0.675 150 282743.33 14137166.94 0.019 0.75

Lab 2 Cell Structure and Function BIO201L must find between these two concepts. ( Hint : Your response should be 4-5 sentences.) Most of the time, all cells need to be smaller. The ratio of surface area to volume goes down as cell sizes get bigger. This means that as the cell grows, it works less well. To get things done faster, you have to split them up. Smaller cells, on the other hand, have a high ratio of surface area to volume, which lets them depend on air and water. The more the surface of a cell comes into touch with its surroundings, the more water and dissolved substances are lost. Conditions would also be bad if the surface area was higher. To keep balance, it's important that a cell gets past changes..