Understanding Tissues and Skin in BIO201 Lab 5

Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L Student Name: Narek Hakobyan Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): AC-NFDQUK Lab Report Format Expectations Utilize college level grammar and professional formatting when completing this worksheet. Submissions without proper formatting, all required photos or sufficient responses will be rejected. Pre-lab Questions 1. What is a tissue? Group of specialize cell that work in unity for a singular function 2. What is the function of epithelial tissue? The epithelial tissue covers the inside and outside of the body to protect it. This kind of tissue stops substances that aren't wanted from getting into the body but lets substances that are wanted pass through. It is possible for epithelial tissue to both take in and release substances that are needed to keep balance. 3. What is the function of connective tissue? Connective tissue's main job is to support bone and other organs and keep them strong. 4. You can also think of blood as a connecting tissue. It is the job of the blood to move air, nutrients, and other important things around the body. 5. What is the function of muscular tissue? Muscle tissue's main job is to contract, which lets the body move. 6. What is the function of nervous tissue? Electrical signals are sent and received by nerve tissue. The brain and spinal cord use these signals to run the body. 7. Describe sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hairs with regard to the function of the skin. The sebaceous gland releases a sticky material onto the skin that keeps it soft and dry. The sweat gland's job is to keep the body at the right temperature and get rid of small amounts of waste. The hairs can help keep you warm, make you more sensitive, and pull sweat away from your body.

Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L 8. What is the function of melanin? Melanin is what gives skin, hair, and eyes their color and keeps the skin safe from the sun's harmful rays. 9. List the similarities and differences of the layers of the epidermis. There is a basement barrier that holds the stratum basale, which is the thickest layer of the skin. It gives the skin strength and shape. At this level, new cells are always being made and old cells are being pushed to the top. The stratum spinosum is the next layer, which goes on to bring cells to the top. With a microscope, the cells in this layer look like they have spindly parts. The next layer is the stratum granluosum, which is where cells release their lipids. Cells die at the top of this layer and continue to be pushed to the surface. What comes next is the stratum lucidum. This layer of skin is only found in a few places. The layer is very thin and made up of dead cells. A thin layer called stratum corneum is the last one. A lot of dead cells are on it, and this is where they fall off every day. All of these layers of skin do the same thing, which is to move cells to the top so that they can be shed. Under a microscope, they look different. The layers deeper down have living cells, while the layers on top have dead cells.

Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L EXPERIMENT 1: OBSERVATION OF MITOSIS IN A PLANT CELL Introduction Questions 1. What is the difference between simple, stratified and pseudostratified epithelial tissue? There is only one layer of simple epithelial tissue, but there are many levels of stratified epithelial tissue. The pseudostratified epithelial tissue looks like it is stratified, but it is actually made up of just one layer. There are cells in this layer that touch the basement membrane. 2. What is the difference between multipolar, bipolar and unipolar neurons? There is one axon and many dendrites in a multipolar cell. One branch and one axon make up a bipolar cell. One short process comes out of the cell body of a unipolar neuron and splits into two branches. These two branches work together as a single nerve. 3. Does the number of cell layers or the cell shape play a role in the function of the epithelial tissue? Provide three examples. The amount of cell layers affects how thick the skin is and how long it lasts, like on the tips of your feet. Cell form is also important because it shows what kind of cell it is. To give you an idea, the cell could be a cuboidal cell from the stomach or gut, a stratified squamous skin cell, or a simple columnar cell from the uterus.

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Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L Data and Observations 1. Identify the following tissue slides . ( Hint : Use the given tissue types to find them within the online database.) ” A. simple squamous epithelium. B. - simple cuboidal epithelium. C. adipose connective tissue D. - reticular connective tissue E. - cartilage connective tissue . F. cardiac muscle tissue G. skeletal muscle tissue. H. reticular connective tissue. A) Epithelial Tissue B) Epithelial Tissue C) Connective Tissue D) Connective Tissue E) Connective Tissue F) Muscular Tissue G) Muscular Tissue H) Unidentified Tissue

Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L Results and Discussion 1. Describe the cell shape of squamous, cuboidal and columnar epithelial cells. It looks like squamous cells are flat and scaly. Cuboidal cells look like cubes. Columnar cells are like cuboidal cells, but they are bigger and smaller. 2. List and describe the different types of connective tissue. What similarities and differences did you notice when viewing the prepared slides? Connective tissue comes in different types, such as bone, cartilage, blood, thick, loose, reticular, and fat. I noticed that some connective tissue seems to be loosely bound while others seem to be more thick when I looked at the photos. I also saw that the center of the connective tissue cells is easy to see on most slides, and a lot of the connective tissue images look like they are round. 3. What are the three components of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue? The extracellular matrix in connective tissue is made up of three parts: ground material, fluid, and protein strands. 4. What are the three types of cartilage? What are their similarities and differences? Healine cartilage is the first type. It has a lot of collagen strands and proteoglycans. Within joints, this cartilage has a smooth, shiny surface. It is found all over the body to support and bend. Fibrocartilage is the next type of cartilage. It has even more collagen and proteoglycans than bone cartilage. Collagen fibers in this type of cartilage group up into much bigger clumps. It's found in places like the knees where the joints are under a lot of pressure. It has features that absorb shock. Elastin cartilage is the last type of cartilage. It is also made up of collagen and proteoglycans, but it is stiffer than the other kinds. It can be found in places like the outside of the ear. 5. What are the three types of muscular tissue? For each, describe the cell shape, the type of control (voluntary or involuntary) and the presence or absence of striations. Skeletal muscle is the first type of muscle tissue. It is long and tubular, with lines running through it. Skeletal muscle can be controlled by the mind. The next part is heart muscle tissue, which is made up of cylinder-shaped cells that branch out. Heart muscle cells have striations and move on their own. Smooth muscle is the last type of muscle tissue. Its cells are shaped like spindles and don't have any striae in them. This kind of tissue also doesn't choose to be there.

Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L 6. Looking at the nervous tissue, state the cell processes visible (i.e., axon) on the prepared slide. For each process, state the function. There is information being sent by the multipolar cell. With its sheaths, the glia supports and covers the axon. Action potentials are sent from the pseudo-unipolar nerve to the brain and spinal cord.

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Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L EXPERIMENT 2: MICROSCOPIC SLIDE EXAMINATION - SKIN Introduction Questions 1. List the five layers of the epidermis from most internal to most external and describe their function. The basal layer of the skin is the deepest layer. It gives the skin strength and shape. In the next layer, the stratum spinosum, cells are pushed to the top. This is the stratum granluosum, and cells continue to die and be pushed to the surface in the top parts of this layer. What comes next is the stratum lucidum. You can only find this layer on some parts of your skin. The layer is very thin and made up of dead cells. Stratum corneum is the layer that is the thinnest. It has many layers of dead skin cells that come off the top of the skin.. 2. List the two layers of the dermis from most internal to most external and describe their function. This is the layer of the skin that is closest to the inside. It is the skin's core layer of fibers and gives the skin its power. It also makes the face have cleavage lines. Our skin's top layer is the papillary layer, which sticks out toward the epidermis. Its job is to bring blood vessels close to the skin and make fingerprints. Data and Observations 1. Label the arrows in the following slide image: A. epidermis B. sweat gland duct C. - dermal papillae

Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L D. Dermis

Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L Results and Discussion 1. Determine whether the following statements pertain to the epidermis or dermis. ” Statement Epidermis or Dermis This layer consists of the papillary layer and the reticular layer. Dermis Composed of keratinized stratified Squamous epithelium. Epidermis Langerhans cell and Merkel cell reside in this layer. Epidermis Composed of dense irregular connective tissue. Dermis The fingerprint pattern, unique to each individual, is created in this layer. Dermis Outermost layer of skin. Epidermis This layer has laminated granules and keratohyalin granules within the stratum granulosum. Dermis The dense supply of blood allows this layer to play a part in body temperature regulation. Dermis

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Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L EXPERIMENT 3: OBSERVATION OF MITOSIS IN A PLANT CELL Introduction Questions 1. What is the purpose of sweat glands? Why do they produce sweat? The main job of sweat glands is to keep the body at the right temperature. This is done by sweating off the skin, which lowers body temperature. Along with sweat, the sweat glands let a small amount of waste leave the body through the skin. 2. How does sweat achieve its intended purpose? The science idea "heat of vaporization" is what makes sweat work. To get swear off your skin, you need energy, and that energy is heat. The cool down effect happens when your body turns sweat into gas. Data and Observations Record your observations from the experiment below in Table 2. Table 2: Sweat Gland Distribution Body Region Sweat Glands/cm 2 Right Anterior Forearm 9 Right Palm 19 Right Anterior Thigh 7 Right Anterior Foot 15 Results and Discussion 1. What area of the body had the greatest density of sweat glands, based on your experimental results? What area had the lowest? Why do you think this is? Click here to enter text.

Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L EXPERIMENT 4: SKIN RECEPTORS Introduction Questions 1. Certain areas of the body will have a greater concentration of skin receptors. Formulate a hypothesis that aims to predict where you will find the highest and lowest density of receptors. Use what you know about skin receptors to provide reasoning that backs up your hypothesis. Click here to enter text. Data and Observations Record your caliper measurements in the table below. Table 3: Two-Point Discrimination Test Results Body Region Left-Side Caliper Measurement Right-Side Caliper Measurement Scalp 1.8 cm 1.8 cm Forehead 2.2 cm 3.1 cm Lips 1 cm 1 cm Front of Neck 2.2 cm 2.2 cm Back of Neck 1.4 cm 2.1 cm Shoulder 3.8 cm 3.8 cm Upper Arm 4.1 cm 3.6 cm Elbow 3.3 cm 4 cm Forearm 3.5 cm 3.5 cm Wrist 1.9 cm 1.9 cm Back of Hand 3.4 cm 3 cm Palm of Hand 1.6 cm 2 cm Tip of Thumb 1 cm 1 cm Tip of Index Finger 1 cm 1 cm

Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L Body Region Left-Side Caliper Measurement Right-Side Caliper Measurement Tip of Middle Finger 1 cm 1 cm Tip of Ring Finger 1 cm 1 cm Tip of Pinkie 1 cm 1 cm Results and Discussion 1. Was your hypothesis stated in Question 1 of the introductory questions correct? If not, why do you think this is the case? Click here to enter text. 2. Which region was most sensitive to this test? Which was least sensitive? The test felt the most on the lips and tips of the fingers. It hurt the least in the upper arm and shoulder 3. Was there a difference between the measurements of the left and right side of the body? Why or why not? Some small things were different between the right and left sides, but for the most part, they are very much the same. This difference is likely caused by chance differences in where touch receptors are located on the body from person to person and part to part.

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Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L EXPERIMENT 5: INTRODUCTION TO THE FETAL PIG Introduction Questions 1. Why is the fetal pig an appropriate choice for this experiment? Human and pig anaotomy are very similar. Data and Observations Take note of your observations in the table below. Ensure you provide enough detail such that you demonstrate your knowledge on the subject and that you note any features which were mentioned in the experimental procedure. The observations you state must also match the photo you provide. Table 4: External Observation of the Fetal Pig Area Observations Skin The skin looks mostly smooth, but there are a few light- colored hairs here and there, mostly on top of the head and around the chin. Head Region The ears, eyes, nose, and mouth are all in the head area. The mouth has rough edges. Neck Region Linear lines and wrinkles can be seen on the neck. It's pretty short and thick, and there isn't much room between the chin and neck. Trunk Region There are nipple papillae on the back. These are little bumps on the lower part of the stomach. In the middle of the belly, below these bumps, there is also an umbilical tube. The trunk's rest is smooth. Tail Region (including sex of pig) The anus and sex parts are in the tail area. This pig embryo is a male

Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L Insert a high resolution photo of the fetal pig you observed in the dissection tray. Your handwritten name and access code must be clearly visible in the background . Photos that are of too low resolution, that appear inauthentic, that appear edited, or that do not show the pig, dissection tray and a clearly written name and access code will be rejected.

BIO201 Lab 5

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