Exploring Blood, Heart Function, and Chelation Therapy in Lab 10

Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L Student Name: Narek Hakobyan Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): AC-NFQUK Lab Report Format Expectations Utilize college level grammar and professional formatting when completing this worksheet. Submissions without proper formatting, all required photos or sufficient responses will be rejected. Pre-lab Questions 1. Research the process of erythropoiesis, and explain the role erythropoietin plays in the body. An enzyme called erythropoiesis is needed to create red blood cells. 2. Based on your response to Question 1, above, why do you think erythropoietin is a popular “doping” drug for athletes? Athletes love this medication because it boosts their anaerobic capacity and provides them with more oxygen. 3. How would the hemoglobin content differ in a person living in Philadelphia (Elevation: 39 feet) compared to someone living in Denver (Elevation: 5280 feet)? Explain your reasoning using the information you provided in Question 1. Given that atmospheric pressure decreases with elevation, a person living in Philadelphia would undoubtedly be less satisfied than a person living in Denver.

Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L EXPERIMENT 1: CLASSIFICATION OF BONES Introduction Questions 1. In this experiment, you will investigate the valves utilized by the heart. What other organs or body systems incorporate valves? List and describe these, being sure to elaborate on how they are used. ( Hint : Your response should be 4-6 sentences long.) Just like the heart's valves, other parts of the body, like the veins, also play an important role. Blood gets to the heart through veins. Blood flows in one way because of veins. The lymphatic system is another one. Its tubes empty fluid into the vein system. Data and Observations Insert your observations for this experiment in the table below as detailed by the lab procedure. Table 1: Experimental Observations Observations (with valve) and mL H2O Displaced? Observations (without valve) and mL H2O Displaced? 6ML of water was moved 12ML of water was moved Results and Discussion 1. What happened when you pressed on the balloon stretched over the jar? What does this result represent? The compressing of the heart is symbolized by the balloon being stretched over the jar. Water moved as I squeezed the balloon on the balloon. 2. What structure in this experiment mimics a heart valve? The ballons stem 3. How did the valve influence the experimental results? If possible, indicate the difference (in mL) in water displaced with the valve versus without the valve. Does the valve enhance the water flow, and why? The valve assisted in the investigation of the heart's rhythm and the parallels between the balloon and the heart.

Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L EXPERIMENT 2: EFFECT OF CHELATION THERAPY ON ARTERIAL PLAQUE LEVELS Introduction Questions 1. In this experiment, you will observe the effects of chelating agents, specifically EDTA, on eggshells and draw conclusions about the efficacy of chelation therapy as an atherosclerosis treatment. Describe chelation therapy. How does it work and what is it used for? Just like the heart's valves, other parts of the body, like the veins, also play an important role. Blood gets to the heart through veins. Blood flows in one way because of veins. Another system is made up of lymphatic tubes that empty fluid into the veins. 2. Research and determine the composition of eggshells and describe them below. Provide a citation of your source, and include a link if it can be found on the internet. Your response should be in complete sentences. The composition of eggshell mostly consists of calcium carbonate crystals. The membrane is semipermeable, allowing the passage of air and moisture via its pores. The shell is covered with a thin exterior layer known as the bloom or cuticle, which serves to prevent the entry of pathogens and dust. The structure of the material is conducive to the chelation of EDTA, as it effectively safeguards the egg and prevents bacterial contamination. 3. Based on your response to Question 2, provide a reasoning for why EDTA would be a good candidate as a chelation agent for eggshells. EDTA, when administered, forms a complex with toxic metals, facilitating their excretion via the renal system. Certain medical practitioners have used chelation therapy as a potential treatment for atherosclerosis and coronary disease. However, there is a lack of substantiated data supporting the efficacy of this treatment. 4. EDTA is a synthetic amino acid, which the body perceives as a foreign substance. EDTA is therefore delivered to the kidneys and removed from the body in urine. Explain how this process also leads to the removal of heavy metals. EDTA is a man-made amino acid that functions as a chelating agent. They have the ability to create bonds with heavy metals, resulting in the formation of intricate structures that can be readily eliminated from the body via urine. It is used for the extraction of metals such as lead, mercury, iron, aluminum, and several others. 5. Does the beaker without EDTA serve as a positive or negative control? How do you know? Ensure you answer both portions of this question. the beaker acts as a good control since it provides the ability to monitor any potential changes.

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Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L

Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L Data and Observations Record your observations of the egg shells over the 7-14 day period in the table below. Table 1: Eggshell Observations Day Water Observations 4% EDTA Observations 8% EDTA Observations 1 Egg shell sink to the bottom No change No change 2 No bubbles observed, egg shell sits on the bottom Less white No change 3 No change thinned out No change 4 No change squishy looking No change 5 egg is still at the bottom Clear looking No change 6 No change No change No change 7 No change clear looking No change 8 No change clear looking No change 9 No change blobby looking No change 10 The water level has gone down but no change to the egg layers are coming apart No change 11 No change looks like a big piece of chewed gum No change 12 No change No change No change 13 No change No change The egg looks cracked up 14 No change No change INo change

Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L Results and Discussion 1. Describe the differences you observed between the water beaker, the 4% EDTA beaker, and the 8% EDTA beaker. You must clearly speak to the results you provided in Table 3 in complete sentences. Submissions that contain responses that do not clearly match and discuss the observations recorded in Table 3 will be rejected. The 8% EDTA remains unchanged except for a gradual loss of water by evaporation. The water beaker and the 4% EDTA solution exhibited varying degrees of eggshell degradation. The 4% EDTA solution has the highest concentration of eggshell material. The deterioration may be attributed to the high concentration of EDTA, a compound renowned for its ability to extract calcium from eggshells . 2. Based on your results, do you believe chelation therapy would be an effective treatment for atherosclerosis? Support your argument with experimental evidence. EDTA, when administered, forms a complex with toxic metals, facilitating their excretion via the renal system. Certain medical practitioners have used chelation therapy as a potential treatment for atherosclerosis and coronary disease. However, there is a lack of empirical data to support the efficacy of this treatment.

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Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L EXPERIMENT 3: MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF BLOOD Introduction Questions 1. What makes red blood cells unique, compared to other cells in the body? Because they have no nucleus, can change form, and are red because hemoglobin is present, red blood cells are special. 2. How is new blood made? Erythrocytes are produced in the hematopoietic tissue of bones known as red bone marrow. Hematopoiesis refers to the process of blood cell production. 3. What is the main function of platelets? To cause clotting so you do not bleed out 4. Describe how the body stops bleeding. platelets start coming together at the exit of the bleeding point and cause clotting

Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L Data and Observations Insert a screenshot of a slide image that shows the difference between “normal” red blood cells and sickle cell blood.

Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L Results and Discussion 1. Based on the slide you provided above, write a short description of what you notice about the differences between “normal” red blood cells, and the cells that comprise sickle cell blood. ( Hint : Your response should be around 2-3 sentences.) During the lab, it was clear that something was noticed about the cells. What I saw is that an average red blood cell is round and fine. Sickle cell red blood cells, on the other hand, changed shape and became crescent-shaped because of the problem. 2. Sickle cells are named so because of their characteristic shape. What problems can this shape cause? People with sickle cells are stiff and twisted, not bendy. This makes it hard for blood to move. 3. Explain how the absence of a nucleus affects a red blood cell’s life span. If there is no nucleus, there is no DNA, which means there are no genes.

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Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L EXPERIMENT 4: BLOOD TYPING EXPERIMENT Introduction Questions 1. What determines blood type? Antigens Data and Observations Insert your observations for this experiment in the table below as detailed by the lab procedure. Table 2: Blood Typing Results A (Blood Sample A) B (Blood Sample B) C (Blood Sample C) 1 (Anti-A Serum) Clotting No clotting No clotting 2 (Anti-B Serum) No clotting Clotting No clotting 3 (Anti-Rh Serum) Clotting No clotting No clotting Blood Type: B- A+ AB+ Results and Discussion 1. What type of blood antigens are expressed if a person is blood type AB negative? The person with blood type AB has both A and B antigens. 2. Why doesn’t a transfusion reaction occur the first time an Rh negative patient is exposed to Rh positive blood? The first time someone gets Rh negative blood from someone who has Rh positive blood, there is no reaction because the Rh negative blood does not have any antibodies in it. When there is a second birth, the body will recognize those cells as being attacked, and the blood will fight off the attackers.

Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L EXPERIMENT 5: VIRTUAL MODEL - THE HEART Introduction Questions 1. In what body cavity is the heart located? Provide the name and its orientation in reference to the lungs. thoracic cavity between the lungs Data and Observations 1. Insert a screenshot of the myocardium and a screenshot of the mitral valve in the table below. Resize the images so that they fit in the table, and span only this page . Image of Myocardium Image of Mitral Valve

Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L Results and Discussion 1. What component of the heart separates the left and right ventricles? Intraventricular septum 2. Which is more superior: the arch of the aorta or the atrioventricular septum? Arch of the aorta 3. What component of the heart prevents the flow of the blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium? Tricuspid valve

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Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L EXPERIMENT 6: SHEEP HEART DISSECTION Introduction Questions 1. Describe the layout of the sheep heart. Be specific, ensuring you discuss the pertinent chambers and valves. It has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. This is the heart of a sheep. It's a lot like a real heart, where blood flows from the right side to the left.

Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L Data and Observations Insert a high resolution photo of the sheep heart you observed at the end of the experimental procedure . Your photo must include: ● Your handwritten name and access code must be clearly visible in the background. ● The required anatomical feature according to the experimental procedure. Photos not meeting these requirements, or that are of too low a resolution to clearly make out these features, will result in this lab submission being rejected.

Lab 10 Blood and the Heart BIO202L Results and Discussion 1. What surprised you about the anatomy of the sheep’s heart? Hearts of humans and other mammals are very similar to sheep hearts. They both have four chambers and all the blood channels. The heart of a sheep works the same way that a heart of a person does. The study of the preserved sheep heart is a great chance to learn more about how hearts work in mammals. 2. Research diseases of the heart valves. How might a valvular insufficiency affect heart function? When someone has valvular stenosis, the tissues that make up the valve leaflets get harder. This makes the hole of the valve smaller, which limits the flow of blood. Mild narrowing might not affect how well your heart works generally. 3. How would valvular stenosis (tightening or less ability to open easily) affect heart function? Valvular stenosis is a condition that unleft treated , the muscle in the heart begins to thicken and the cardiac output is decreased subsequently leading to heart failure if left untreated. What typically occurs here is the increase pressure along the heart chambers requires increase work load for the heart to push blood through the valve. Thickening of the muscle is a secondary cause of this condition

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BIO202 Lab 10

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