Lab 6: Exploring the Skeletal System in BIO201L

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Student Name: Brandon Estelle Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): ac-xya40v Lab Report Format Expecta0ons U"lize college level grammar and professional forma4ng when comple"ng this worksheet. Submissions without proper forma4ng, all required photos or suﬃcient responses will be rejected. Pre- lab Ques,ons 1. List the func.ons of the skeletal system. To support and protect the body, enable movement store, nutrients and produces new blood cells 2. What material contributes the greatest to the compressive strength of bone? Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate contribute 3. Brieﬂy describe the process of bone remodeling. Bones undergo a con.nual process of remodeling the creates new balance, and removes old ones

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 1: CLASSIFICATION OF BONES Introduc,on Ques,ons 1. Why is it important to classify bones? Provide a few sentences in response to this ques.on, below. It is important to classify bones, because each bone has many different func.ons and size when damaged or injured. It is important, iden.fy the movement or ac.vity that can be affected. Data and Observa,ons Insert your observa.ons for this experiment in the table below. Table 6: Classifica.on of Bones Results and Discussion 1. Aside from length, what are some other common characteris.cs of a long bone? Are long bones typically associated with the axial or appendicular skeleton? Long, bones are associated with the appendicular skeleton which provides strength and structures to the body access to facilitate movement Bone Name Classifica/on by Shape Classifica/on by Loca/on Femur Long bone Appendicular Frontal Flat bone Axial Temporal Flat Axial Sternum Flat Axial Vertebrae Irregular Axial Fibula Long Appendicular Ulna Long Appendicular Ribs Flat Axial Humerus Long Appendicular Patella Sesamoid Appendicular

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L 2. Compare ﬂat bones and long bones. How are they different? How are they the same? Flat bones and long bones are sites for bone marrow long bones are associated with the appendicular skeleton and provide strength and support. Flat bones are ﬂat, but some.mes curved which protects organs.

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Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 2: DIGITAL SLIDE EXAMINATION - BONES Introduc,on Ques,ons 1. What is the purpose of cor.cal bone? What is the purpose of trabecular bone? They both provide support and structure to the body. They are produced and maintained by osteocytes. The difference in the two is cor.cal bones are more dense. 2. What are trabeculae? What is their func.on? Tissues that is found in the bone and func.ons to provide strength and support to the spongy bone on the ends of the long bone 3. What are haversian systems? What is their func.on? tubes or tunnels that are found in the cor.cal bones that I also have nerves and I asked for oxygenated blood nutrients to get into the bone

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Data and Observa,ons 1. Label the arrows in the following digital slide for a cor.cal bone: A. Inters(tal lamalle B. Haversian system C. concentric lamalle D. Haversian canals

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L 2. Label the arrows in the following digital slide for a trabecular bone: A. Trabeculae B. Marrow cavity Results and Discussion 1. Compare and contrast cor.cal and trabecular bone. cor.cal bone or more dense and trabecular bone to have more water and calcium contents

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Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 3: VIRTUAL MODEL - THE AXIAL SKELETON Introduc,on Ques,ons 1. Why aren’t teeth considered bones? Cheetah not considered bones because they are covered and enamel and unable to heal themselves or grow Data and Observa,ons In the table below, insert 4 screenshots from the virtual model for the following: the coccyx, the sternum, the occipital condyle and the parietal bone. Resize your photos to fit them inside the table and to keep the table on one page. Each photo is worth a separate point value. 1. Photo of Coccyx 2. Photo of Sternum 3. Photo of Occipital Condyle 4. Photo of Parietal Bone

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Results and Discussion 1. What features are located medial to the cranium and the mandible? Iden.fy the category here. The feature is located inferior to the cranium and superior to the mandible or the sinus cavi.es. 2. How many individual items are included in this category? ( Hint : The answer is not a bone.) 4 categories 3. Iden.fy the two major bones which compose the head. Cranium and mandible 4. To what bone does the right scapula aXach? The right scapula aXached to the humerus to the clavicle 5. Is the leZ clavicle superior or inferior to the right scapula? The leZ clavicle is superior

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Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 4: PHYSICAL SKELETON - THE AXIAL SKELETON Introduc,on Ques,ons 1. What are the three components of the axial skeleton? Describe the func.on of each. Scar protects the brain adjust the posi.on of the head, neck and trunk thoracic cage protects the heart and lungs and responsible for breathing vertebral column provides mechanical support 2. Using the image of a skull below, fill in the blanks with the correct bone names. A. Csphenoid bone B. Zygoma(c C. Mandible D. Frontal lobe E. supraorbital F. Vomer bone

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L 3. On the vertebra below, fill in the blanks with the correct vertebral structure. A. Lamina B. Centrum C. Spinous process D. transverse process E. vertebral foremen

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Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Data and Observa,ons Record your observa.ons for Experiment 4 in the four tables below, as specified in the procedure. Table 12: Cervical Vertebrae Observa.ons Table 13: Thoracic Vertebrae Observa.ons Vertebral Feature Observa/ons Size of cervical vertebrae in comparison to those of the thoracic and lumbar region Appears to be the smallest vertebrae in comparison to the thoracic lumbar region Shape of the vertebral foramen Triangular shaped Spinous process of the C3 – C6 vertebrae Bifid spinous process of c3-c6 vertebrae Spinous process of the C7 vertebra Prevalent sEcks out the furthest Vertebral Feature Observa/ons Size and weight of the thoracic vertebrae in comparison to those of the cervical and lumbar region Less dense Shape of the vertebral body Shaped similar to the heart

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Table 14: Lumbar Vertebrae Observa,ons Table 15: Rib Feature Observa,ons Appearance and projec.on direc.on of the spinous process Long and thick Vertebral Feature Observa/ons Vertebral Feature Observa/ons Size of the lumbar vertebrae in comparison to those of the cervical and thoracic region Thickest vertebrae larger and bulkier Shape of the vertebral body Oval shaped Appearance and projec.on direc.on of the spinous process Posterior and curved sown toward the spine Rib Feature Observa/ons Length of ribs 1 – 7 (do they increase or decrease in length?) Increase in length Length of ribs 8 – 12 (do they increase or decrease in length?) Decrease in length

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Ar.cula.on of the ribs and thoracic vertebrae Head of the ribs fit into depressions on the centrum ribs, arEculate at an angle posterior to point of aLachment Rib Feature Observa/ons

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Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Results and Discussion 1. For the following bones, state whether they are cranial or facial bones and give their loca.on. 2. What are the three regions of the vertebral column? Describe the general shape and size of the vertebrae in each region. Cervical concave and dense, curved oval and smallest thoracic, medium and bigger, lumbar, oval and ﬂat, and is the largest 3. What are the atlas and axis? What are their func.ons? The atlas allows the head to nod up and down the axis allows to rotate our head looking side to side 4. What is the purpose of the thoracic cage? Protect the heart and lungs Bone Facial or Cranial Loca/on Temporal Bones Cranial Skull Mandible Facial Skull Vomer Facial Center nasal cavity Zygoma=c Bones Facial Elbow orbit Parietal Bones Cranial Side and top of skull Ethmoid Bone Cranial Center of skull in between eyes Sphenoid Bone Cranial Front center of skull Lacrimal Bones Facial Medial wall of the orbit

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L 5. Describe the three components of the sternum. Manubrium, clavicle, and first ribs, ar.culate body forms, the part of the sternum xiphoid process the edge of the sternum easily broken off if push too hard 6. Describe the difference between true ribs, false ribs and ﬂoa.ng ribs. True ribs are directly aXached to the sternum Foss ribs are lower five ribs that are not directly aXached to the sternum. The ﬂoa.ng ribs are the last two ribs are not aXached at all to the sternum back to the spine.

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 5: VIRTUAL MODEL - THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON Introduc,on Ques,ons 1. What is the appendicular skeleton? Provide a brief overview in your own words below. Compromise, upper and lower extremi.es includes the shoulder griddle and pelvis Data and Observa,ons In the table below, insert 4 screenshots from the virtual model for the following: the radius, the scapula, the tarsus and the patella. Resize your photos to fit them inside the table and to keep the table on one page. Each photo is worth a separate point value. 1. Photo of Radius 2. Photo of Scapula 3. Photo of Tarsus 4. Photo of Patella

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Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Results and Discussion 1. How many leZ metatarsals are there? Total of 5 2. Is the right fibula inferior or superior to the patella? Inferior 3. Are the ossa digitorum or the ossa metatarsalia more medial? The Issa metatarsalia is more medial 4. Which two bones aXach to the patella? Cfemur and (bia 5. Iden.fy the three bones which comprise the leg. Femur (bia fibula

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 6: PHYSICAL SKELETON - THE APPENDICULAR SYSTEM Introduc,on Ques,ons 1. What is the appendicular skeleton composed of? The appendicular skeleton is composed of a total of 126 bones 2. What are the two regions that divide the appendicular skeleton? Upper and lower extremi.es Data and Observa,ons 1. In this experiment, you were to locate several bones using your body as a physical model. Describe, below, some observa.ons you made during the procedure. Your response should cover any observa.ons of note. For example: Which bones were the easiest to find? Which were the most diﬃcult? ( Hint : Your response should be 4-5 sentences in length.) Results and Discussion 1. What are the four parts of the upper extremity and the four parts of lower extremity of the appendicular skeleton? Upper extremi.es pectoral Griddle arm, forearm hand, lower extremi.es pelvic griddle thigh, leg foot 2. Compare and contrast the size and func.on of the upper and lower extremi.es of the appendicular skeleton. C lower extremi(es are larger and size. They both are free to move and connect. They both contain one bone and the superior part of the arm and leg and two bones on the inferior part. The upper extremi(es are evolved to use more text Darity than our lower extremi(es lower extremi(es are designed to hold more weight and are not as ﬂexible. 3. What are the three fused bones that make up the coxae of the pelvic girdle? What is their loca.on in rela.on to one another? Ischium ileum pubis bone

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 7: ARTICULATIONS Introduc,on Ques,ons 1. What two ways can joints be classified? What are the three classifica.ons of each type? Classified by their structure or func.on structure Fibrous car.laginous or synovial func.on synathroses amphiarthroses and diarthroses 2. Define the term “ar.cula.ons”. What are they and what is their func.on? Very in the amount of movement, as well as the structures, joints are classified based on func.on, the amount of movement they allow into the categories Data and Observa,ons 1. For the following, match the correct synovial joint classifica.on to the correct joint, and to the movement it produces. Report these in the table below. 2. a. Pivot Joint b. Gliding Joint c. Ball and Socket Joint d. Condyloid Joint e. Saddle Joint f. Hinge Joint Joint Ar/cula/ng Bones Type of Synovial Joint Movement Elbow Humerus ulna radius Hinge Flexion extension Knee Femur Ebia Hinge Flexion extension Hip Pelvic bone femur Ball and socket Flexion extension abducEon rotaEon Ankle Tibia fibula talus Gliding Flexion abducEon adducEon rotaEon Wrist Radius proximal carpal bones Condyloid Flexion extension abducEon adducEon

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Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Results and Discussion 1. Fibrous joints are either sutures or syndesmoses. What is the difference between the two? Give examples of each type. Searchers are strong joints with two elements and have liXle to no connec.ve .ssue syndemoses are joints that are joined by small amounts of dense, fibrous connec.ve .ssue 2. A symphysis and synchondroses are two classifica.ons of what type of joint? What are the differences between the two classifica.ons? They are car.laginous they are different in the way they are made up synthesis bones are connected with a disc a febrile car.lage synchondroew are connected with a plate of hyaline car.lage 3. What allows synovial joints to be diarthro.c? Synovial ﬂuids allow synovial joints to be diarqthro.c 4. For the following, match the correct synovial joint to the movement it produces.

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Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 8: SKELETAL SYSTEM OF A FETAL PIG Introduc,on Ques,ons 1. In this experiment you will dissect a fetal pig in order to observe its skeletal system. Why is the fetal pig a good model for this study? What might be a drawback? The joints and bones of a fetal pig, same to appear similar to joints and bones on a human. A drawback might be humans don’t have a snout and tail. Data and Observa,ons Record your observa.ons as stated in the experimental procedure in the table below. Ensure you provide enough to sa.sfy the intent of the requirements in the procedure. Submissions that do not contain the required observa.ons as noted in the experimental procedure may be rejected. Table 31: Skeletal Region Observa,ons Skeletal Region Observa/ons Axial Skeleton Concerts at the school, sternum ribs, vertebral column on a smaller scale, facial bones are elongated at the mouth skull is more oval than humans on a fetal pig. There’s a tail at the caudal end of the vertebrae. Appendicular Skeleton The bones in the legs are idenEcal. They have hooves joints in the extremiEes are similar pelvic bone.Elongated away from the body Joints Most joints appear to be similar in the skeletal system on a smaller scale the arm and legs have a hand like moEon

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Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Insert a high resolu.on photo of the fetal pig you observed in the dissec.on tray. Your handwriWen name and access code must be clearly visible in the background. Photos that are of too low resolu.on, that appear inauthen.c, that appear edited, or that do not show the pig, dissec.on tray and a clearly wriXen name and access code will be rejected.

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Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L

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Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Results and Discussion 1. What are some of the similari.es and differences you no.ced between the human skeletal system and the palpa.on of the fetal pig skeletal system? Provide a detailed analysis below based on your observa.ons. ( Hint : Your response should likely include more than 5 sentences.) Some of the major differences is on a pig. There are hooves snout, and a tail, which is not found in humans similar to humans pigs have joints and bones. The fetal pig is very similar to all of the systems in a human.

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