Understanding the Skeletal System: Lab 6 Exploration Guide

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Student Name: Narek Hakobyan Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): AC-NFDQUK Lab Report Format Expectations Utilize college level grammar and professional formatting when completing this worksheet. Submissions without proper formatting, all required photos or sufficient responses will be rejected. Pre- lab Questions 1. List the functions of the skeletal system. Movement, protection, support, and making blood cells are all jobs of the skeletal system. 2. What material contributes the greatest to the compressive strength of bone? Calcium prosphate and calcium carbonate are the kinds of minerals that make bone strong when it is compressed. 3. Briefly describe the process of bone remodeling. Parts of the bone rebuilding process are The bone needs to change to meet the body's needs.

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 1: CLASSIFICATION OF BONES Introduction Questions 1. Why is it important to classify bones? Provide a few sentences in response to this question, below. It helps doctors by giving them a better idea of how the human spine works. This information is very important for figuring out what's wrong with bones, planning treatments, and learning about the human body.In biology, putting bones into groups helps us figure out how different species have evolved and how they have changed and adapted to stay alive. It is an important part of learning in fields like medicine, biology, and science because it helps people understand how complicated skeletal systems work. Data and Observations Insert your observations for this experiment in the table below. Table 6: Classification of Bones Bone Name Classification by Shape Classification by Location tibia long appendicular femur long appendicular vertebrate irregular axial radius long appendicular tarpals short appendicular temporal flat axial sternum flat axial frontal flat axial carpal short appendicular ulna long appendicular Results and Discussion 1. Aside from length, what are some other common characteristics of a long bone? Are long bones typically associated with the axial or appendicular skeleton? Some things that all long bones have in common: they are hard and thick, and they help you move and be strong. At the end of long bones is cartilage. The appendicular skeleton is usually linked to long bones.

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L 2. Compare flat bones and long bones. How are they different? How are they the same? The inside of both flat and long bones is red. Long bones are not thin, but flat bones are. Flat bones don't have sponges on the ends, but long bones do.

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Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 2: DIGITAL SLIDE EXAMINATION - BONES Introduction Questions 1. What is the purpose of cortical bone? What is the purpose of trabecular bone? It is the job of the cortical bone to support and protect the organs. It is the job of the trabecular bone to help the bone absorb and grow. 2. What are trabeculae? What is their function? Trabeculae bone is made up of thin bone tissue that is arranged in trabeculae. They help move weight from one place to another and are the source of bone absorption and development. 3. What are haversian systems? What is their function? What the Haversian system calls a "solid mass" of bones that are packed together and look like a solid mass. The job of these cells is to protect the blood vessels and talk to bone cells.

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Data and Observations 1. Label the arrows in the following digital slide for a cortical bone: A. concentric B. haversian system C. interstitial system D. - harversian canal

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L 2. Label the arrows in the following digital slide for a trabecular bone: A. - trabeculae B. - marrow cavity Results and Discussion 1. Compare and contrast cortical and trabecular bone. The structure of both cortical and trabecular bone changes over time. This type of bone is stronger than trabecular bone. There are more holes in trabecular bone than in cortical bone.

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Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 3: VIRTUAL MODEL - THE AXIAL SKELETON Introduction Questions 1. Why aren’t teeth considered bones? Teeth are not bone because they can't grow back together after being broken like bones can. Data and Observations In the table below, insert 4 screenshots from the virtual model for the following: the coccyx, the sternum, the occipital condyle and the parietal bone. Resize your photos to fit them inside the table and to keep the table on one page. Each photo is worth a separate point value. 1. Photo of Coccyx 2. Photo of Sternum 3. Photo of Occipital Condyle 4. Photo of Parietal Bone

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Results and Discussion 1. What features are located medial to the cranium and the mandible? Identify the category here. Facial Skeleton 2. How many individual items are included in this category? ( Hint : The answer is not a bone.) 2 nasal bone, 2 zygomatic bones, 2 maxilla, 2 lacrimal, 2 Palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 1 vomer bone. 3. Identify the two major bones which compose the head. The cranium and mandible are the two main bones that make up the head. 4. To what bone does the right scapula attach? The clavicle on the right is connected to the right scapula. 5. Is the left clavicle superior or inferior to the right scapula? The left clavicle is superior to the right scapula

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 4: PHYSICAL SKELETON - THE AXIAL SKELETON Introduction Questions 1. What are the three components of the axial skeleton? Describe the function of each. The axial skeleton is made up of three parts: the head, the ribs, and the vertebrae. The ribs protect the breathing system. Skull: keeps the brain safe. Vertebral: keeps the spinal cord safe. 2. Using the image of a skull below, fill in the blanks with the correct bone names. A. sphenoid bone B. - zygomatic bone C. mandible D. frontal bone E. supraorbital foramen. F. vomer

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Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L 3. On the vertebra below, fill in the blanks with the correct vertebral structure. A. laminae B. body C. spinous process D. transverse process E. vertebral foramen

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Data and Observations Record your observations for Experiment 4 in the four tables below, as specified in the procedure. Table 12: Cervical Vertebrae Observations Vertebral Feature Observations Size of cervical vertebrae in comparison to those of the thoracic and lumbar region The cervical spine is longer than the lumbar spine, but not longer than the thoracic spine. Shape of the vertebral foramen irregular Spinous process of the C3 – C6 vertebrae Base of neck Spinous process of the C7 vertebra Vertebrae prominens Table 13: Thoracic Vertebrae Observations Vertebral Feature Observations Size and weight of the thoracic vertebrae in comparison to those of the cervical and lumbar region The thoracic vertebrae are bigger than the lumbar and neck regions. Shape of the vertebral body (S) shaped Appearance and projection direction of the spinous process Posterior projection, triangular shape Table 14: Lumbar Vertebrae Observations

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Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Vertebral Feature Observations Size of the lumbar vertebrae in comparison to those of the cervical and thoracic region Lumbar is larger than cervical and thoracic regions Shape of the vertebral body (S) shaped Appearance and projection direction of the spinous process Anterior projection. Table 15: Rib Feature Observations Rib Feature Observations Length of ribs 1 – 7 (do they increase or decrease in length?) increase Length of ribs 8 – 12 (do they increase or decrease in length?) increas Articulation of the ribs and thoracic vertebrae Ribs flawless come together into the vertebrae

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Results and Discussion 1. For the following bones, state whether they are cranial or facial bones and give their location. Bone Facial or Cranial Location Temporal Bones cranial There is a pair of these cranial bones on each side of the head, close to the temples. Mandible facial The mandible is the lower jawbone. It is a single, big bone in the face. Vomer facial The vomer is a bone in the face that is in the middle of the nose. Zygomatic Bones facial Cheeck Bone Parietal Bones cranial These are the paired cranial bones that make up the roof and sides of the head. Ethmoid Bone cranial bone in the head that is situated between the eye holes. It is a part of the nasal cavity and helps hold the nasal septum and the roof of the nasal cavity together. Sphenoid Bone cranial base of the skull Lacrimal Bones facial orbit of the eyes 2. What are the three regions of the vertebral column? Describe the general shape and size of the vertebrae in each region. Cervical, lumbar, and thoracic are the three parts of the spinal spine. The area around the neck is small. The area around the lower back is thick and big. The thorax area is bigger than the neck area.

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L 3. What are the atlas and axis? What are their functions? The head is supported on the lower neck spine by the atlas and the axis. Their job is to allow movement in rotation and extension. 4. What is the purpose of the thoracic cage? Protect the lungs and heart 5. Describe the three components of the sternum. The sternum is made up of three parts: the body, the xiphoid process, and the manubrium.Body refers to the sternum's body. The manubrium is the top part of the ribcage and the xiphoid process is the bottom part. 6. Describe the difference between true ribs, false ribs and floating ribs. The ribs are different in the following ways .... The sternum is where the real ribs connect. False ribs are held together by tissue. The ribs that float are not attached to the chest.

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Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 5: VIRTUAL MODEL - THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON Introduction Questions 1. What is the appendicular skeleton? Provide a brief overview in your own words below. One of the two main parts of the human skeleton is the appendicular skeleton. The other is the axial skeleton. It has the bones and structures that make up the arms and legs, as well as the girdles that connect them to the main skeleton. It is very important for moving and supporting different tasks that the appendicular skeleton is there. Data and Observations In the table below, insert 4 screenshots from the virtual model for the following: the radius, the scapula, the tarsus and the patella. Resize your photos to fit them inside the table and to keep the table on one page. Each photo is worth a separate point value. 1. Photo of Radius 2. Photo of Scapula 3. Photo of Tarsus 4. Photo of Patella Results and Discussion

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L 1. How many left metatarsals are there? 5 2. Is the right fibula inferior or superior to the patella? right fibula is inferior to the patella 3. Are the ossa digitorum or the ossa metatarsalia more medial? The Ossa metatarsalia is more medial. 4. Which two bones attach to the patella? Femur and tabia are connected to the patella 5. Identify the three bones which comprise the leg. Femur, tibia, patella

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 6: PHYSICAL SKELETON - THE APPENDICULAR SYSTEM Introduction Questions 1. What is the appendicular skeleton composed of? Upper and Lower limbs; and pectoral and pelvic girdles 2. What are the two regions that divide the appendicular skeleton? There are bones inside the limbs and girdle bones that connect the arms to the central spine. Data and Observations 1. In this experiment, you were to locate several bones using your body as a physical model. Describe, below, some observations you made during the procedure. Your response should cover any observations of note. For example: Which bones were the easiest to find? Which were the most difficult? ( Hint : Your response should be 4-5 sentences in length.) Parts of the body that are attached to the skeleton are called appendicular skeleton. I saw right away during the observation that the clavicles and scapulae were on top of the shoulder and before the jugular notch. I had the most trouble with these. That was easy to find: the phalanges. I was able to find my hands' metacarpals and phalanges. Results and Discussion 1. What are the four parts of the upper extremity and the four parts of lower extremity of the appendicular skeleton? Upper – humerus, radius, ulna, hand. Lower – femur, tibia, fibula, patella 2. Compare and contrast the size and function of the upper and lower extremities of the appendicular skeleton. The bones in your arms, wrists, hands, and elbows make up your upper limbs. 3. What are the three fused bones that make up the coxae of the pelvic girdle? What is their location in relation to one another? The coxae of the pelvic girdle are made up of the ischium, the pubis, and the illium.

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Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L These three bones are joined together. This part's job is to make the hipbone.

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 7: ARTICULATIONS Introduction Questions 1. What two ways can joints be classified? What are the three classifications of each type? There are different types of joints based on how they are built and what they do. There are three types of classifications: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. 2. Define the term “articulations”. What are they and what is their function? The places where bones meet are called articulations or joints. They are very important for keeping the body together and making action possible. Data and Observations 1. For the following, match the correct synovial joint classification to the correct joint, and to the movement it produces. Report these in the table below. a. Pivot Joint b. Gliding Joint c. Ball and Socket Joint d. Condyloid Joint e. Saddle Joint f. Hinge Joint Joint Articulating Bones Type of Synovial Joint Movement Elbow Humerus, ulna hinge Flexion, extension Knee Femur, tibia, patella hinge Flexion, extension Hip Pelvis, femur Input Abduction, flexion, extension, adduction Ankle Tarsus, tibia, fibula hinge Dorsiflexion, plantar, flexion Wrist Carpal, radius, ulna condyloi Abduction, adduction

Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Results and Discussion 1. What two ways can joints be classified? What are the three classifications of each type? There are different types of joints based on how they are built and what they do. There are three types of classifications: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. 2. Fibrous joints are either sutures or syndesmoses. What is the difference between the two? Give examples of each type. It's a small joint that holds most of the bones together. As the bones run parallel to each other, syndesmosis forms a flexible joint. The skull is an image of a stitch. Syndesmosis can be seen in the distal tibiofibular joint. 3. A symphysis and synchondroses are two classifications of what type of joint? What are the differences between the two classifications? The cartilaginous joints are broken down into two groups: symphysis and sychondroses. When fibrocartilage joins two bones together, you have a symphysis. Other types of joint cartilage join two bones together, and you have a sychondrosis. 4. What allows synovial joints to be diarthrotic? Synovial joints can be disarticulated because of the joint capsule that sits between the two bones. 5. For the following, match the correct synovial joint to the movement it produces. Pivot Joint, Gliding Joint, Ball and Socket Joint, Condyloid Joint, Saddle Joint, Hinge Joint

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Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 8: SKELETAL SYSTEM OF A FETAL PIG Introduction Questions 1. In this experiment you will dissect a fetal pig in order to observe its skeletal system. Why is the fetal pig a good model for this study? What might be a drawback? Our bodies don't have tails, but pigs do. The spines in humans and pigs feel the same. People and pigs both have ribs. Some things are the same about knee joints. Data and Observations Record your observations as stated in the experimental procedure in the table below. Ensure you provide enough to satisfy the intent of the requirements in the procedure. Submissions that do not contain the required observations as noted in the experimental procedure may be rejected. Table 31: Skeletal Region Observations Skeletal Region Observations Axial Skeleton skull and cartilage Appendicular Skeleton pelvic, limbs Joints ball and socket

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Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Insert a high resolution photo of the fetal pig you observed in the dissection tray. Your handwritten name and access code must be clearly visible in the background. Photos that are of too low resolution, that appear inauthentic, that appear edited, or that do not show the pig, dissection tray and a clearly written name and access code will be rejected.

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Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Results and Discussion 1. What are some of the similarities and differences you noticed between the human skeletal system and the palpation of the fetal pig skeletal system? Provide a detailed analysis below based on your observations. ( Hint : Your response should likely include more than 5 sentences.) Early on, the bones in both the human and fetal pig skeleton systems are soft, but they get stronger as the body grows and develops. Both species also have similar skeleton features, but they use different words to describe them. Both humans and fetal pigs have vertebrae, but the fetal pig's skeleton is made up of five sections: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the caudal. The human skeleton is made up of three sections: the cervical, the thoracic, and the lumbar. The fetal pig skeleton also has a tail, which is the posterior part of the spine, while the human skeleton does not.

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BIO201 Lab 6

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