Unit 1 Self Assessment

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Unit 1 Self-Assessment 1. In response to low and moderate level sounds, the stapes __________: Answer: moves with a rocking motion like a swinging door 2. Contraction of the stapedius pulls the ___________in the ___________direction. Answer: stapes; posterior 3. Two of the functions of the middle ear are _______________: Answer: impedance matching, pressure equalization 4. The functions of the outer ear are _______________: Answer: protection, localization, amplification 5. The function of the Eustachian tube is to____________: Answer: equalize the pressure in the middle ear 6. The head shadow effect allows us to localize sounds based on __________. Answer: interaural intensity differences of high frequencies 7. The smallest muscle in the human body is the ________which is only _____mm long. Answer: stapedius-6 8. The resonance of the external ear (due to pinna, concha, canal, etc) __________: Answer: amplifies frequencies from about 200 to about 5000 Hz in adults 9. The configuration of the tympanic membrane in the ear canal may be described as ______: Answer: concave (central portion most medial) and tilted 10. The stapedius muscle is innervated by cranial nerve____: Answer: VII Facial 11. The _____hair cells are cylindrical in shape and have about stereocilia. Answer: outer; 100-150 12. When activated, the middle ear muscle reflex causes a(n)_______. Answer: reduction in transmission of low frequency sounds
13. With the exception of the _________, the pinna has a core of ________. Answer: lobule; cartilage 14. The three mechanisms of impedance matching by the middle ear are ______: Answer: area ratio (thumbtack principle), ossicular level, and catenary principle/buckling 15. The role of the human pinna in the monaural sound localization consists of ______: Answer: resolving front-back confusions, and localizing sounds vertically, above and below the horizontal plane 16. On planet Zorg, the resident aliens have a tympanic membrane with an area of 500 square millimeters and a stapes footplate with an area of 5 square millimeters. As a result, the pressure of an incoming sound wave ____________: Answer: increases by a factor of 100 17. After leaving the organ of Corti, the fibers of the auditory nerve join together and form a trunk in the ___________. Answer: modiolus 18. The binaural cues for localization of sounds include _________: Answer: interaural time/phase differences of low-frequency sounds and interaural intensity differences of high-frequency sounds 19. Perilymph is found in the _________. Answer: scala vestibuli and scala tympani 20. The stereocilia of the hair cells are connected by _______made of________: Answer: tip links or cross links; protein fibers 21. Contraction of the stapedius pulls the _________in the ________direction. Answer: posterior crus of stapes; posterior 22. The tensor tympani muscle is innervated by cranial nerve _____: Answer: V Trigeminal
23. The _____part of the temporal bone is dense and contains the contains the cochlea, and the ______part is filled with air-spaces. Answer: petrous; mastoid 24. Which of these is not a theory of the middle ear muscle (acoustics) reflex? Answer: creates distortion to amplify sounds 25. The membranous labyrinth is filled with ____________: Answer: endolymph 26. The number of inner hair cells and outer hair cells in a human ear is about _______: Answer: 3,500 inner, 12,000 outer 27. Endolymph is high in _____and perilymph is high in __________: Answer: potassium; sodium 28. The opening at the apex of the cochlea through which the scala tympani and scala vestibuli communicate is the _________: Answer: helicotrema 29. The arrangement of the VIIIth nerve fibers emerging from the cochlea is _______: Answer: tonotopic with the highest frequencies on the outside and lowest frequencies on the inside 30. The Type 2 (outer spiral) afferent neural fibers in the cochlea are arranged so that ___: Answer: each fiber synapses with multiple outer hair cells 31. The cochlea contains about ____: Answer: 27,000 type 1 (radial) afferent fibers and 3,000 type II (spiral) afferent fibers 32. The membrane to which the stapes footplate is attached is the _____. Answer: oval window 33. The membrane at the entrance to the scala tympani is the ______ Answer: round window 34. The membrane at the entrance to the scala vestibule is the _______. Answer: oval window
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35. The membrane that is rich in blood vessels and generates an electrical potential is the ________. Answer: stria vascularis 36. The membrane that makes up the surface of the organ of Corti is the _______. Answer: reticular lamina 37. The membrane that has the tallest stereocilia of the outer hair cells embedded in it is the ______. Answer: tectorial membrane 38. The boundary between the scala media and the scala vestibuli is the ______. Answer: Reissner’s membrane

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