BIOL 2311 - Exam 5 - Tagged

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Feb 20, 2024

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NAME: BIOL 2311 – Exam 5 (53 questions; max score: 125 out of 100 points) Multiple choice questions (50 questions – 2 points per question). Choose a single answer per question. 1. Patient B has severe damage to their left cerebellum and thus, Patient B will most likely lose proper motor coordination on the ___________ side of their body. a. left b. right c. center d. a and b e. a, b, and c 2. Student D was given a list of observations from an unknown individual that prominently displays abrupt lapses from an awake state into sleep. Student D correctly deduces that this individual may have: a. narcolepsy b. insomnia c. sleep apnea d. all the above e. none of the above 3. Student H is tasked to classify an unknown hormone based on chemical structure and notices the interlocked rings of carbon in the structure. Student H correctly classiFes it as: a. a steroid-based hormone b. an amino acid-based hormone c. a water-based hormone d. all the above e. none of the above 4. Patient H has an autoimmune disorder that preferentially targets nervous system cells or tissues. In the pituitary gland, this will directly target for destruction the ______________. a. posterior pituitary lobe b. anterior pituitary lobe c. hypothalamus d. a and c e. b and c 5. Patient I has a tumor in the adrenal medulla causing the __________ of __________ that leads to hyperglycemia and hypertension. a. overproduction; epinephrine b. overproduction; cortisol c. overproduction; aldosterone d. a and b e. a, b, and c

6. Hormone XYZ binding to a XYZ receptor in target cells causes conformational change of a protein kinase from an inactive to an active state. This best demonstrates: a. enzyme activation b. membrane permeability changes c. protein synthesis d. all the above e. none of the above 7. Second-order neurons in ascending pathways are interneurons that exclusively send axonal projections to the thalamus. This statement is: a. false b. true c. sometimes true or false d. all the above e. none of the above 8. The spinocerebellar tracts, which terminate at the cerebellum, convey muscle or tendon stretch information from the ipsilateral side of the body. This best illustrates: a. lack of decussation b. lack of neural connection c. lack of somatotopy d. lack of symmetry e. all the above 9. After a car accident, Patient E is experiencing an increase in intracranial pressure due to the damage in blood vessels found and continuous leakage of blood. Patient E’s is most likely diagnosis is: a. subdural hemorrhage b. cerebral edema c. cerebrovascular accident d. a and b e. a, b, and c 10. Student B is examining a model of the human meninges that covers and protects the CNS. Student B correctly identiFes that the most superFcial layer called the _______________, which lies just inferior to the periosteum. a. periosteal dura mater b. meningeal dura mater c. arachnoid pia mater d. a and b e. a, b, and c 11. Which of the following statements about the cerebellum anatomy is accurate? a. it subconsciously provides precise timing of skeletal muscle contraction b. it has two hemispheres connected by vermis and each hemispheres has three lobes c. it subconsciously provides appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction d. all the above e. none of the above 12. Patient D displays frequent changes in mood, memory problems, and mild depression. Patient D has most likely been chronically deprived of __________ sleep. Or cerebellum

a. non-REM 1/2 b. REM c. non-REM 3/4 d. a and b e. b and c 13. Which of the following statements about hormones circulating via blood is always accurate? a. all amino acid-based hormones do not require carriers b. all steroid-based hormones require carriers c. all water-based hormones require carriers d. a and b e. a, b, and c 14. The pancreas produces digestive enzymes, which it releases via ducts to the small intestine, to aid digestion. This best illustrates the _______________ function of pancreas. a. endocrine b. exocrine c. autocrine d. a and b e. a, b, and c 15. Lesions in the paraventricular nucleus, which makes oxytocin, can cause abnormal __________ during labor. a. milk ejection b. uterine contractions c. uterine relaxations d. a and b e. b and c 16. In chronic stress conditions, the __________ of __________ results in high sodium and water retention. a. increased activity; glucocorticoids b. increased activity; mineralocorticoids c. increased activity; catecholamines d. a and b e. a, b, and c 17. Patient F has a mutation in the gene encoding for __________, which are important for responding to light energy. Thus, Patient F has vision dicculties. a. chemoreceptors b. photoreceptors c. nociceptors d. a and b e. a, b, and c 18. Descending pathways and tracts convey motor information via __________ impulses from the brain to the spinal cord and ultimately, to edectors. a. aderent b. ederent c. commissural

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d. a and b e. a, b, and c 19. The watery nature of the cerebrospinal euid (CSF) “eoats” the brain and spinal cord reducing their edective weight. This best illustrates the __________ function of CSF. a. protective b. buoyancy c. nourishing d. a and b e. a, b, and c 20. Which of the following statements about degenerative brain disorders is incorrect? a. In Alzheimer’s disease, acetylcholine neurons of the basal forebrain are degenerating b. In Huntington’s disease, huntingtin neurons of the basal ganglia are degenerating c. In Parkinson’s disease, dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra are degenerating d. all the above e. none of the above 21. Which of the following is a key characteristic of the spinal cord anatomy? a. It provides two-way communication to and from the brain b. It contains the spinal reeex centers c. It runs from foramen magnum to conus medullaris d. a and b e. a, b, and c 22. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) separates neurons from bloodborne substances. Which of the following is a glial cell that is a major component of the BBB? a. endothelium b. basal lamina c. astrocytes d. a and b e. a, b, and c 23. Although Patient G displays normal knee-jerk and other spinal reeex activity, they do not have any voluntary control of their muscles. Patient G is most likely having severe damage to their: a. ventral horn neurons b. lower motor neurons c. upper motor neurons d. a and b e. b and c 24. During parturition, the baby’s head moving deeper into the mother’s birth canals triggers oxytocin release from the __________, where is it stored. a. hypothalamus b. anterior pituitary lobe c. posterior pituitary lobe d. a and b e. a and c

25. The spinothalamic pathways transmit pain, temperature, and coarse touch impulses from diderent parts of the body towards a dedicated and speciFc area in the CNS. This best illustrates which pathway generalization. a. decussation b. neuronal connection c. somatotopy d. symmetry e. all the above 26. Which of the following statements about long-distance chemical signals is accurate? a. autocrines exert edects on same cells b. paracrines exert edects on nearby cells c. hormones exert edects on target cells d. a and b e. a, b, and c 27. Which of the following pancreatic cells does not function in the hormonal regulation of blood glucose levels? a. Alpha cells b. Beta cells c. Acinar cells d. a and b e. b and c 28. Insulin acts to lower blood glucose levels while glucagon acts to raise it, this best illustrates ________. a. permissiveness b. synergism c. antagonism d. a and c e. b and c 29. In a lab exercise, Student C was given an unknown sample of an EEG recording that is predominated by brain waves of 14-30 HZ. Student C deduces that this sample was likely from: a. an individual resting and relaxed b. an individual in non-REM sleep c. an individual in REM sleep d. a and b e. a and c 30. In a lab exercise, Student A is examining the brain stem that functions to control automatic behaviors that are necessary for survival including breathing and heartbeat. Student A correctly notes that within the brain stem, the __________ speciFcally lies adjacent and is continuous with the spinal cord. a. midbrain b. pons c. medulla oblongata d. all the above e. none of the above

31. Which of the following statements about the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is always accurate? a. BBB permits nutrients to move via facilitate didusion b. BBB allows any lipid-soluble substances to pass c. BBB is present throughout the entire CNS d. a and b e. a, b, and c 32. Hallucinogen drugs like LSD causes overstimulation, whereby all repetitive sensory stimuli is “felt and experienced” by Patient C. This illustrates the __________ function of the reticular activating system (RAS). a. arousal b. sleep and wake c. alert d. Fltering e. all the above 33. Which of the following are organs that have both endocrine and non-endocrine functions? a. heart b. pancreas c. adipose cells d. a and b e. a, b, and c 34. Transection or cross-sectioning at any level of the spinal cord can cause: a. paresthesia b. paralysis c. reeex d. a and b e. a, b, and c 35. Drugs like alcohol can inhibit the edects of __________ than can lead to __________ urination. a. oxytocin; decreased b. oxytocin; increased c. antidiuretic hormone; decreased d. antidiuretic hormone; increased e. none of the above 36. Which of the following statements about the cells involved in the regeneration of PNS nerve Fbers is false? a. Macrophages remove debris b. Schwann cells from regeneration tube c. Schwann cells secrete growth factors d. Axons regenerate damaged part e. none of the above 37. Which of the following statements about the white matter in spinal cord is accurate? a. ascending tracts are myelinated b. descending tracts are myelinated

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c. transverse tracts are myelinated d. all the above e. none of the above 38. Patient A has a rare condition that leads to the progressive destruction of their hypothalamus. Patient A will likely display abnormal visceral functions like ____________________. a. abnormal digestive tract motility b. abnormal heart rate and blood pressure c. abnormal sleep and sleep cycle d. a and b e. a, b, and c 39. Patient J is undergoing experimental treatment for __________ that involve them receiving transplants of beta cells that produce insulin. a. Cushing’s syndrome b. Obesity c. Type 2 diabetes d. Type 1 diabetes e. all the above 40. Student E identiFes that the spinal cord is innervated by 31 pairs of spinal nerves and pinpoints that the most superior spinal nerves are known as ___________________. a. sacral spinal nerves b. lumbar spinal nerves c. thoracic spinal nerves d. cervical spinal nerves e. all the above 41. In the spinal cord, the _______________ are composed of non-myelinated Fbers and cell bodies. a. dorsal funiculus b. lateral funiculus c. ventral funiculus d. all the above e. none of the above 42. The brain is a soft and delicate tissue, which makes it highly vulnerable to mechanical damage. Which of the following protective structure(s) is found throughout the entire CNS? a. bones b. meninges c. CSF d. a and b e. a, b, and c 43. In Fght or eight, the sympathetic neurons trigger a rise in catecholamines in the blood, this best illustrates: a. endocrine stimulus b. exocrine stimulus c. hormonal stimulus

d. humoral stimulus e. neural stimulus 44. The thalamus functions to sort, edit, and relay sensory information – giving rise to its nickname as the Grand Central Station of sensory input. Which of the following brain regions send ederent impulses to the thalamus? a. hypothalamus b. cerebellum c. basal ganglia d. all the above e. none of the above 45. In the body’s stress response axis, which anterior pituitary gland hormone is involved in elevating blood glucose levels for Fght or eight responses? a. epinephrine b. norepinephrine c. cortisol d. CRH e. ACTH 46. In lab, Student G simulates a scenario where a mutation that causes acetylcholine levels in the body to decline. This will likely adect the functioning of __________ motor neurons. a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic c. somatic d. a and b e. a, b, and c 47. Which of the following statements about sympathetic motor neuron activity is accurate? a. sympathetic motor neurons can have stimulatory edects b. sympathetic motor neurons can have inhibitory edects c. sympathetic motor neurons can oppose parasympathetic neuron edects d. a and b e. a, b, and c 48. Which of the following statements about cortisol edects is inaccurate? a. cortisol promotes increased glycogen metabolism b. cortisol promotes increased fat metabolism c. cortisol promotes increased protein metabolism d. all the above e. none of the above 49. The reticular formation is composed of a network of neurons that work together to regulate arousal as well as sleep/wake transitions. The reticular formation axonal projections are found in the _______________. a. brain stem b. cerebral cortex c. spinal cord d. a and b

e. b and c 50. In a lab simulation exercise, Student F precisely lesion the ventral horn neurons in the spinal cord. This will most likely lead to: a. deFcits in somatic information processing b. deFcits in sympathetic information processing c. deFcits in visceral d. all the above e. none of the above Short answer question (3 questions – total 25 points). Limit your responses to the speciFed max sentence count. Be sure to carefully read the question and only address what is being asked => either incomplete or excessive responses will not receive full credit. Use your own words for all responses – plagiarized responses will not be given any credit. 51. Explain the similarities and diderences across the ascending pathways versus the descending pathways versus the reeex arcs. Be sure to include all relevant structural and functional components as discussed in class. (9 pts – answer max 9 sentences) 52. Compare and contrast the mechanism of action of the water-soluble hormones versus the lipid-soluble hormones as detailed in class. Be sure to include info on the chemical nature of hormones, relevant receptors, and edects on the target cells. (8 pts – answer max 8 sentences) 53. As described in class, identify then describe the major endocrine organ that maintains blood glucose homeostasis. In your response, be sure to include details on the two hormones it produces and how these hormones adect blood glucose levels. (8 pts – answer max 8 sentences)

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51. When it comes to the similarities between ascending descending and reflex arcs, they all involve the transmission of nerve signals, and have sensory neurons, motor neurons, or inter neurons. Ascending pathways transmit sensory information from the periphery to the CNS and descending pathways transmits motor information from the CNS and periphery as well. Then the reflex arcs transmit sensory information directly to the motor neurons since these pathways involve little to none interneurons. Then a similarity between ascending and descending pathways is they both can be myelinated however descending can also be unmyelinated. The when it comes to their differences ascending pathways carry sensory information from the periphery to the CNS while the descending pathway carry motor information form the CNS to the periphery. While the reflex arcs can have information flow in all directions which is because there is always a rapid response. Another difference would be ascending primary responsible for transmitting sensory information while descending primary responsibility is triggering motor commands. Then for reflex arc it can either receive sensory information or trigger a motor response. Then the last difference is ascending pathways sends information to the brain, while descending pathways gets information form the brain . 52. Water soluble hormones include peptide and amine hormones they are also composed of amino acids so there hormones are polar and hydrophilic. While lipid soluble hormones include steroids and thyroid hormones, which are composed of lipids, and specifically cholesterol-derived compounds, so they are non polar and hydrophobic. Now to compare their mode of transport water soluble hormones circulate freely through the blood stream, and receptors and required on the cell membrane of the target cell. Then lipid soluble hormones require carrier protones in the blood stream since the water is low in solubility, then they can be diffused by the cell membrane ro get to the intracellular receptor. Nexts is to compare the receptors water soluble hormones bind to the cell membrane receptors, as well as trigger signal transduction pathways. Then lipid soluble hormones diffuse through the cell membrane and bind to the cytoplasm or nucleus since they are intercellular receptors. Lastly their mechanism of action water soluble hormones bind to membrane receptor specifically cholesterol-derived compounds. While lipid soluble hormones just diffuse through the cell membrane allows direct interaction with intracellular receptors. 53. The major endocrine organ that maintains blood glucose homeostasis is the pancreas. It is located in the abdomen region and is considered a mixed gland of both endocrine and exocrine. There are two hormones that are produced by the pancreas which are insulin and glucose. Another thing is that these two hormones are peptide hormones contain membrane bound receptors. When the blood glucose leves are high insulin begins to be secreted by beta cells. This insulin is an anabolic hormone that helps glycogen biosynthesis and litogenesias to decrease the blood glucose levels. Then when the blood glucose levels are low glucagon begins to be secreted by alpha cells. Since glucagon is a catabolic hormone it helps breakdown and glucose gen Isis start ti increase the levels of blood glucose.

BIOL 2311 - Exam 5 - Tagged

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