BIOL 2311 - Exam 3 - Tagged

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Feb 20, 2024

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NAME: BIOL 2311 – Exam 3 (53 questions; Max score: 125 out of 100 points) Multiple choice questions (50 questions – 2 points per question) . Choose a single answer per question. 1. Patient A is a 2-year-old whose diet consistently lacked calcium and vitamin D. This led to bowed legs and deformities in their bones. Patient A is most likely diagnosed with __________. a. Rickets b. Osteomalacia c. Osteoporosis d. a and b e. a, b, and c 2. Patient B has osteoporosis and was prescribed to take a Selective Estrogen-Receptor Modulator (SERM) drug for it. Why would the SERM drug be an appropriate treatment strategy for Patient B’s osteoporosis? a. it protects osteoblasts from apoptosis b. it promotes osteoclast apoptosis c. it enhances osteoblast apoptosis d. a and b e. a, b, and c 3. Inspecting an unknown adult skull sample Student A notes the intact synostoses, which are immovable sutures made of short connective tissue Obers. This joint type may be functionally classiOed as: a. a synarthroses joint b. a Obrous joint c. a suture joint d. a and b e. a, b, and c 4. Studying syndesmoses Student B found that the distal tibioObular joint linking the tibia and Obula is not movable while the interosseous membrane linking the radius and ulna is slightly movable. This is directly due to: a. the ligament length b. the ligament Ober c. the ligament movability d. a and b e. a, b, and c 5. In between vertebral bones Student C observes the highly cartilaginous structures called intervertebral discs. These medial portion of these symphyses joints are made of: a. Obrocartilage b. hyaline cartilage c. elastic cartilage d. a and b e. a, b, and c ~ Immovable - Slittymorable Immovabie/connective +issue/round inskul

6. Student E is nodding their head as a sign of agreement during a discussion in class. This nodding action requires bending the neck in a forward direction, which best demonstrates _______________. a. extension b. Xexion c. hyperextension d. a and b e. b and c 7. Moving your knees apart is a type of angular movement along the frontal plane that best illustrates: a. circumduction b. abduction c. adduction d. a or b e. b or c 8. The elbow joint consist of one bone having a convex projection Otting into the concave depression of the other. This best illustrates the __________, as classiOed by range of motion. a. hinge joint b. uniaxial joint c. pivot joint d. a and b e. b and c 9. The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb consists of both bone ends having concave and convex areas. This best illustrates the __________, as classiOed by range of motion. a. saddle joint b. biaxial joint c. condyloid joint d. a and b e. b and c 10. Slipping on black ice on a pavement caused Patient E’s foot to roll to the inside leading to a diagnosis of a severe lateral ankle sprain. In Patient E’s case, the ankle __________ may have been over stretched or torn. a. bones b. ligaments c. cartilages d. a and b e. b and c 11. Common joint injures involving torn ligaments or torn cartilages very rarely undergo self-repair. This is most likely due to the _______________ innervating them. a. lack of muscle b. lack of nerves c. lack of blood vessels d. a and b e. b and c un W Saddle join - Biaxial

12. During a football game, Patient F was tackled with extreme force from the back causing a shoulder joint dislocation. Patient F’s humerus is now likely more _____ compared to the rest of the shoulder joint structures. a. medial b. posterior c. anterior d. a or b e. a or c 13. Using a microscope Student F observes high deposits of uric acid crystals in an unknown sample of joint tissue. Student F rightly infers that the sample must have been obtained from a person with: a. osteoarthritis b. rheumatoid arthritis c. gouty arthritis d. a and b e. a, b, and c 14. The continuous Xow of blood throughout the cardiovascular system of the human body, best illustrates the __________ function of muscles. a. protection b. support c. movement d. a and b e. b and c 15. The muscle cells and by extension the muscle tissues have the capacity to recoil back to its resting length. This best demonstrates ____________________, a special feature of muscles. a. contractility b. extensibility c. elasticity d. a and b e. b and c 16. Patient C has a genetic mutation causing their chondrocytes to continuously deteriorate and eventually become non-functional. Which of the following joints will be directly impaired in Patient C? a. synchondroses b. symphyses c. gomphoses d. a and b e. a, b, and c 17. In a lab exercise, Student D is tasked to categorize an unknown joint solely based on its structure. Student D found that the unknown joint lacked a cavity. This joint is a: a. Obrous joint b. cartilaginous joint c. synovial joint d. a or b e. a, b, or c Ability to be stretched Ability to recoil ~ ?

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18. Patient D has a rare condition that causes insu‘cient and ine‘cient production of synovial Xuid. Which friction-reducing structure associated with synovial joints will likely become defective in Patient D? a. bursae b. tendon sheath c. synovial joint d. a and b e. a, b, and c 19. Spinal reXexes help maintain the skeletal muscles to be in a continuous partially contracted state. In joints, this muscle tone does not play a __________ in stabilizing synovial joints. a. limited role b. minor role c. major role d. a or b e. a, b, or c 20. Flexion of the biceps brachii muscle along the sagittal plane causes the insertion to move towards the origin. Which of the attachments is links muscle to bone via a tendon? a. origin b. insertion c. muscle d. a and b e. a, b, and c 21. Student G is tasked to uncover the identity of the speciOc muscle cells in an unknown sample. Student G observes that all the cells in the sample appear striped and are multinucleated. The sample is likely of: a. skeletal muscle cells b. cardiac muscle cells c. smooth muscle cells d. a and b e. a, b, and c 22. Patient G has a rare condition causing their veins to be less e‘cient in performing normal functions. Patient G’s muscle would likely be __________________. a. accumulating wastes b. deprived of oxygen c. deprived of nutrients d. a and b e. a, b, and c 23. Which of the following statements about the connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle is accurate? a. epimysium is continuous with tendons b. perimysium is only continuous with endomysium c. endomysium is only continuous with epimysium d. all the above e. none of the above One artery, one nerve and one or more veins, so O2 nutrition supply and waste removal 2 . - - X

24. Which of the following statements about the direct skeletal muscle attachments is inaccurate? a. epimysium is fused with tendon b. epimysium is fused with periosteum c. epimysium is fused with perichondrium d. all the above e. none of the above 25. Skeletal muscle Obers have high metabolic demand and thus, use up high amounts of ATP. Which of the following structures in skeletal muscle cells is not a contributor in aerobic respiration for ATP production? a. glycosomes b. myoglobin c. mitochondria d. a and c e. b and c 26. Which of the following statements about skeletal muscle Ober organelles is inaccurate? a. MyoObrils contain the myoOlaments myosin and actin b. Sarcomeres are the smallest contractile unit of a muscle Ober c. Sarcoplasmic reticulum regulates intracellular Ca 2+ levels d. all the above e. none of the above 27. Patient H has a genetic mutation causing the progressive deformation of the active sites for myosin attachment, which are speciOcally found in _____. Thus, Patient H is slowly losing control over skeletal muscles. a. Myosin head b. G actin c. F actin d. a and b e. b and c 28. Which of the following statements about a “triad” is incorrect? a. It contains a single T tubule b. It contains a single terminal cisternae of the SR c. It contains a pair of terminal cisternae of the SR d. a and b e. a and c 29. Student H is mastering the sliding Olament model of contraction and notes that in a relaxed sarcomere, the middle part of the dark A band appears lighter and contains _____, which holds the thick myoOlament together. a. H zone b. Myomesin c. Z disks d. a and b e. a, b, and c Continuous ~ - - ~ --

30. The somatic motor neurons (which originate from the spinal cord) stimulate muscles at the neuromuscular junctions. This best illustrates __________, a requirement for skeletal muscle contraction. a. Cross bridge cycle b. Activation c. E-C coupling d. a and b e. b and c 31. Extensive physical changes to the ligand binding site of the acetylcholine receptors (which prevent binding of acetylcholine to it) can directly stop ___________________. a. generation of membrane potential b. generation of synaptic potential c. generation of action potential d. a and b e. b and c 32. Patient I is taking a drug that inhibits the actions of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to the _____________ level of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. a. unchanged b. decreased c. increased d. all the above e. none of the above 33. During a hiking trip Patient J was bitten by a snake, which delivered Cobratoxin into Patient J’s body causing symptoms like Xaccid paralysis of the muscles. This scenario best illustrates: a. unchanged acetylcholine signaling b. increased acetylcholine signaling c. decreased acetylcholine signaling d. all the above e. none of the above 34. A genetic mutation rendering the voltage-gated sodium ion channels (in the skeletal muscle Obers) to become non-functional can directly prevent _______________. a. the local depolarization b. the spread of repolarization c. the spread of depolarization d. a and b e. a and c 35. A genetic mutation rendering the voltage-gated potassium ion channels (in the skeletal muscle Obers) to become non-functional can directly prevent _______________. a. inXux of Na + b. inXux of K + c. ejux of K + d. a and b e. a and c V ~

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36. In the absence of ATP, the Na + /K + pump is unable to transport _____ out of the muscle Ober and ______ into the muscle Ober, which is critical for restoring ionic conditions back to resting state. a. Na + ; Na + b. K + ; K + c. K + ; Na + d. Na + ; K + e. all the above 37. A newly developed drug that renders the voltage sensor within the voltage-sensitive T tubule protein non-functional can directly prevent __________________. a. action potential spreading through the sarcolemma b. action potential spreading through the T tubules c. calcium ions being released from T tubules d. calcium ions being released from Sarcoplasmic reticulum e. all the above 38. Which of the following events take place about when the intracellular calcium ion concentration is low? a. tropomyosin blocks active sites on actin b. myosin heads cannot attach to actin c. muscle cells are relaxed d. all the above e. none of the above 39. Patient K has a rare condition where the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in their skeletal muscle Obers lack the calcium ion pump, which re-transports calcium ions back to the SR. This directly prevents: a. myoOlament sliding b. cross bridge formation c. muscle contraction d. muscle relaxation e. all the above 40. Which of the following events do not occur when the intracellular calcium ion concentration is elevated? a. tropomyosin blocks active sites on actin b. myosin heads cannot attach to actin c. muscle cells are relaxed d. all the above e. none of the above 41. The optic nerve directs the control of the One movements of eye muscles including the lateral and inferior rectus muscles, which enable all eye movements. This scenario best illustrates the function of: a. small motor units b. large motor units c. motor neuron units d. a and c e. b and c ~ e W xX X ?

42. Which of the following statements about ATP regeneration in the skeletal muscles is inaccurate? a. Skeletal muscles store 4-6 seconds worth of ATP b. Creatine phosphate can directly phosphorylate ADP to produce ATP c. Glycolysis can produce ATP in an oxygen impaired state d. Aerobic respiration produces ATP in an oxygen dependent manner e. none of the above 43. In lab Student J simulates muscular contraction, where they observe muscle shortening to generate enough tension and thus, lifting an object. This scenario best demonstrates: a. concentric isotonic contraction b. eccentric isotonic contraction c. isometric contraction d. a and b e. a, b, and c 44. Student K administers low frequency stimuli to a muscle and notes the myogram reading. Student K sees a wavy pattern of tension generated across time. The downward phase of the wavy myogram directly correlates with: a. calcium ion reentry into sarcoplasmic reticulum b. calcium ion release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum c. nerve impulse activation of the muscle Ober d. a and c e.b and c 45. In lab Student L observes that after an electrical stimulation, some muscle Obers in an unknow sample were recruited. Student L most likely delivers a __________ stimulus to the muscle. a. threshold b. subthreshold c. maximal d. all the above e. none of the above 46. Upon extensive physical therapy and weight training, Patient L observes a substantial increase in the strength due to hypertrophy of muscles. At the cellular level, this is most corelated with: a. increased muscle Ober recruitment b. increased muscle Ober size c. increased muscle Ober stimulation d. all the above e. none of the above 47. Using a high-powered microscope, Student M uncovered that the muscle Obers of an unknown sample was stretched to 150% of the normal resting length. Student M inferred that this muscle most likely had: a. decreased contractile speed b. decreased contractile force c. decreased contractile duration d. all the above ~ ~ -- ~V

e. none of the above 48. If an object is __________ (in terms of load) the velocity of contraction is faster, and the duration of contraction is elongated. a. heavy b. light c. big d. a and b e. a and c 49. Which of the following statements about muscle Ober types is always true? a. fast oxidative Obers are fast to fatigue b. fast glycolytic Obers are fast to fatigue c. slow oxidative Obers are fast to fatigue d. a and b e. a, b, and c 50. Using a high-powered microscope, Student N observed that the unknown sample of muscle that is composed of all Ober appearing to be white in color. This is likely due to the: a. presence of myoglobin b. absence of myoglobin c. presence of mitochondria d. a and c e. b and c Short answer question (3 questions – total 25 points) . Use your own words for all responses – plagiarized responses will not be given any credit. Limit your responses to the speciPed max sentence count. 51. SJV-23 is newly discovered virus that inOltrates synovial joints causing it to deteriorate and ultimately, become non-functional. SpeciOcally, SJV-23 attacks and kills cartilaginous and membranous tissues. In this short essay: (1) identify the speciOc cartilaginous and membranous structures found within the synovial joints, (2) explain their normal function in the synovial joints, and (3) explain the consequences of damage to them. (9 points; maximum 9 sentences) 52. Arthritis is the umbrella term for all the dioerent types of inXammatory or degenerative diseases, either acute or chronic forms, which damage joints. Compare and contrast osteoarthritis versus rheumatoid arthritis , be sure to include: (1) key characteristics and symptoms, (2) how they develop and progress leading to joint damage, and (3) current treatment strategies. (8 points; maximum 8 sentences) v ~ v - v

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53. The cross-bridge cycle unambiguously illustrates how the shortening of skeletal muscles occur via the movement of the myoOlaments. In this short essay, (1) identify the four stages of the cross-bridge cycle and (2) explain what happens in each stage including the substances/molecules/proteins involved. (8 points; maximum 8 sentences) . 51. The synovial joint consist of an articular cartilage and to be most specific are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage. The articular cartilage which covers the ends of the bones helps minimize the fiction that is caused from bone movement, it also absorbs shock, and just acts as a wear resistant surface so it can facilitate the movement of joints. The purpose of the thin layer of hyaline cartilage is to allow the articular bones to move against one other so that the underlying bone tissue doesn’t get damaged. Then inside of some of the synovial joints is the synovial membrane. The synovial membrane is used to protect the joint that they are surrounded by. Which is done by forming a synovial capsule that goes around the joints so that is can limit the friction between the joints and bones. When the articular cartilage gets damaged it can cause the joint cavities to start swelling which causes paint and even joint stiffness that can lead to osteoarthritis if not taken care of. As mentioned earlier the articular cartilage needs the hyaline cartilage so when it ges damaged it ends up affecting the articular cartilage. Lastly, when the synovial membrane gets damaged it causes welling that causes sever pain that leads to mobility problems. 52. Osteoarthritis occurs when the flexible tissue located at the ends of the bones wears down the protective tissue, that lads to pain, and can get worse through time. The symptoms of osteoarthritis is pain, joint stiffness, limited flexibility, swelling, tender joins, the feeling of granting sensation, and bone spurs. Then rheumatoid is an inflammatory disorder which affects your joints as well as blood systems, lungs, eyes, skin, blood vessels, and even the heart. Some symptoms include pain, stiffness, tenderness, weight loss, fever, fatigue, and weakness. Osteoarthritis is a joint disease that is causes by the breakdown of cartilage that is progressive throughout time which can lead to damaged joints depending on the stage you have developed. Rheumatoid is caused when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the body which causes swelling, due to the swelling it cause the joints to deform and get damaged. Some treatment strategies used for osteoarthritis is several medications, therapy, exercise, weight loss, and surgery. Then for rheumatoid some treatment would be medication, therapy, self care as in a heating pad, and surgery. 53. The first stage of the cross bridge cycle is cross bridge formation where the myosin head with high energy attaches to a filament that is thin. The substances, molecules, and proteins involved are actin,myosin, phosphate ions, calcium ions, and ADP. The second stage is the working (power) stroke which is when the head of the myosin pivots and pulls a filament that is thin to the M line. The substances, molecules, and proteins involved are phosphate ions, and ADP. Then the third stage is cross bridge detachment so the ATP gets attached to the myosin head then the cross bridge detaches. When it comes to the substances, molecules, and proteins being involved it’s just ATP in this stage. Lastly the fourth stage is cocking of the myosin head so the hydrolysis energy of the ATP cocks the myosin head to the energy state that is high. The substances, molecules, and proteins involved would just be ADP and phosphate ions.

BIOL 2311 - Exam 3 - Tagged

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