BIOL-2302-R.Q.3

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Laredo College *

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2302

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Biology

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Feb 20, 2024

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3. The endothelium is found in the ________. a. tunica intima (Correct - Endothelium is the innermost layer of blood vessels) b. tunica media (Incorrect - Tunia media is the middle layer of blood vessels, composed of smooth muscle and elastic tissue.) c. tunica externa (Incorect - Outermost layer of blood vessles, composed of connective tissie.) d. Lumen (Incorrect - Refers to the central opening of a blood vessel, not a specific layer.) 4. Nervi vasorum control ________. a. vasoconstriction (Correct - The nervi vasorum can stimulate vasoconstriction, which causes the blood vessels to narrow and reduces blood flow.) b. vasodilation (Correct - The nervi vasorum can also stimulate vasodilation, which causes the blood vessels to widen and increases blood flow.) c. capillary permeability (Incorrect - Refers to the ability of substances to pass through the walls of capillaries, and it is not directly controlled by the nervi vasorum.) d. both vasoconstriction and vasodilation (Correct) 5. Closer to the heart, arteries would be expected to have a higher percentage of ________. a. Endothelium (Incorrect - While arteries do have an endothelium, it is not specifically expected to have a higher percentage compared to other fibers.) b. smooth muscle fibers (Incorrect - Are present in the walls of arteries, but they are not the primary fibers that contribute to the elasticity of arteries.) c. elastic fibers (Correct - Arteries are composed of elastic fibers, which allow them to stretch and recoil as blood is pumped from the heart.) d. collagenous fibers (Incorrect - Provide structural support, but they are not the main fibers responsible for the elasticity of arteries.) 6. Which of the following best describes veins? a. thick walled, small lumens, low pressure, lack valves (Incorrect) b. thin walled, large lumens, low pressure, have valves (Correct - Veins have thinner walls, allowing them to expand and accommodate larger volumes of blood. They have larger lumens, operate at low pressure, and have valves that ensure the one-way flow of blood towards the heart.) c. thin walled, small lumens, high pressure, have valves (Incorrect) d. thick walled, large lumens, high pressure, lack valves (Incorrect)

7. An especially leaky type of capillary found in the liver and certain other tissues is called a ________. a. capillary bed (Incorrect - Refers to a network of capillaries in a particular area, not a specific type of capillary.) b. fenestrated capillary (Incorrect - have small pores or fenestrations in their walls, allowing for the exchange of small molecules. Not specifically associated with the liver or certain tissues.) c. sinusoid capillary (Correct - are found in the liver and certain other tissues. They are known for being especially leaky, allowing for the exchange of larger molecules and cells.) d. Metarteriole (Incorrect - small vessels that connect arterioles and capillaries. Not specific to the liver or characterized by being leaky.) 8. In a blood pressure measurement of 110/70, the number 70 is the ________. a. systolic pressure (Incorrect - It’s the top number in a blood pressure measurement) b. diastolic pressure (Correct - the bottom number in a blood pressure measurement) c. pulse pressure (Incorrect - calculated by subtracting the diastolic pressure from the systolic pressure.) d. mean arterial pressure (Incorrect - calculated value that represents the average pressure in the arteries during one cardiac cycle.) 9. A healthy elastic artery ________. a. is compliant (Correct - healthy elastic artery is compliant, meaning it is able to stretch and expand to accommodate the volume of blood being pumped through it.) b. reduces blood flow (Incorrect - A healthy elastic artery does not reduce blood flow. Instead, it helps to maintain and regulate blood flow by expanding and contracting as needed.) c. is a resistance artery (Incorrect - Resistance arteries are smaller arteries that help regulate blood pressure by constricting or dilating.) d. has a thin wall and irregular lumen (Incorrect - A healthy elastic artery has a thicker wall compared to other types of arteries and the lumen is typically smooth and regular, allowing for efficient blood flow.) 10. Which of the following statements is true ? a. The longer the vessel, the lower the resistance and the greater the flow. (Incorrect - the longer the vessel, the greater the resistance and the lower the flow. This is because the longer length of the vessel increases the friction and resistance to blood flow.

b. As blood volume decreases, blood pressure and blood flow also decrease. (Correct - When blood volume decreases, there is less blood available to be pumped through the vessels.) c. Increased viscosity increases blood flow.(Incorrect - Increased viscosity, or thickness, of the blood actually increases resistance to flow and can decrease blood flow.) d. All of the above are true. (Incorrect) 11. Slight vasodilation in an arteriole prompts a ________. a. slight increase in resistance (Incorrect - vasodilation causes the blood vessels to widen, which leads to a decrease in resistance, not an increase.) b. huge increase in resistance (Incorrect - vasodilation refers to the widening of blood vessels, which would result in a decrease in resistance, not a significant increase.) c. slight decrease in resistance (Correct - When an arteriole undergoes vasodilation, the blood vessels widen, allowing more blood to flow through with less resistance. This results in a slight decrease in resistance to blood flow.) d. huge decrease in resistance (Incorrect - while vasodilation does lead to a decrease in resistance, it is not typically a huge decrease. It is more of a moderate decrease in resistance.) 12. Venoconstriction increases which of the following? a. blood pressure within the vein (Correct - constriction of veins leads to a higher resistance to blood flow, resulting in increased pressure within the vein.) b. blood flow within the vein (Correct - narrowing of veins forces blood to flow more forcefully through a smaller space, leading to an increased rate of blood flow.) c. return of blood to the heart (Correct - venoconstriction helps to push blood back towards the heart. The narrowing of veins increases the pressure and helps to propel blood back to the heart against gravity.) d. all of the above (Correct ) 13. Hydrostatic pressure is ________. a. greater than colloid osmotic pressure at the venous end of the capillary bed (Incorrect) b. the pressure exerted by fluid in an enclosed space (Correct - Hydrostatic pressure is precisely that - the pressure exerted by a fluid in a closed or confined space.) c. about zero at the midpoint of a capillary bed (Incorrect) d. all of the above (Incorrect)

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14. Net filtration pressure is calculated by ________. a. adding the capillary hydrostatic pressure to the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (Incorrect) b. subtracting the fluid drained by the lymphatic vessels from the total fluid in the interstitial fluid (Incorrect) c. adding the blood colloid osmotic pressure to the capillary hydrostatic pressure (Incorrect) d. subtracting the blood colloid osmotic pressure from the capillary hydrostatic pressure (Correct - Net filtration pressure is calculated by subtracting the blood colloid osmotic pressure from the capillary hydrostatic pressure. Helps determine the overall pressure that drives fluid movement across the capillary walls.) 15. Which of the following statements is true? a. In one day, more fluid exits the capillary through filtration than enters through reabsorption. (Correct - This is because filtration allows fluid to leave the capillary and enter the surrounding tissues, while reabsorption helps bring some of that fluid back into the capillary.) b. In one day, approximately 35 mm of blood are filtered and 7 mm are reabsorbed. (Incorrect) c. In one day, the capillaries of the lymphatic system absorb about 20.4 liters of fluid. (Incorrect) d. None of the above are true. (Incorrect) 16. Clusters of neurons in the medulla oblongata that regulate blood pressure are known collectively as ________. a. baroreceptors (Incorrect) b. angioreceptors (Incorrect c. the cardiomotor mechanism (Incorrect d. the cardiovascular center (Correct - This is the term used to collectively describe the clusters of neurons in the medulla oblongata that regulate blood pressure. It controls various cardiovascular functions, including heart rate, blood vessel diameter, and blood pressure.) 17. In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, ________. a. decreased blood pressure prompts the release of renin from the liver (Incorrect) b. aldosterone prompts increased urine output (Incorrect) c. aldosterone prompts the kidneys to reabsorb sodium (Correct - When aldosterone is released, it acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium. This helps regulate blood pressure by increasing the amount of sodium in the body, which in turn affects fluid balance.) d. all of the above (Incorrect)

18. In the myogenic response, ________. a. muscle contraction promotes venous return to the heart (Incorrect) b. ventricular contraction strength is decreased (Incorrect) c. vascular smooth muscle responds to stretch (Correct - In the myogenic response, the smooth muscle in blood vessel walls can detect changes in stretch or pressure and respond by contracting or relaxing. This helps regulate blood flow and maintain blood vessel tone.) d. endothelins dilate muscular arteries (Incorrect) 19. A form of circulatory shock common in young children with severe diarrhea or vomiting is ________. a. hypovolemic shock (Correct - This type of shock occurs when there is a significant loss of blood volume or fluid in the body. In the case of young children with severe diarrhea or vomiting, they can experience a rapid loss of fluids, leading to hypovolemic shock.) b. anaphylactic shock (Incorrect) c. obstructive shock (Incorrect) d. hemorrhagic shock (Incorrect) 20. The coronary arteries branch off of the ________. a. aortic valve (Incorrect) b. ascending aorta (Correct - The coronary arteries branch off of the ascending aorta, which is the first part of the aorta that comes out of the heart.) c. aortic arch (Incorrect) d. thoracic aorta (Incorrect) 21. Which of the following statements is true? a. The left and right common carotid arteries both branch off of the brachiocephalic trunk. (Incorrect) b. The brachial artery is the distal branch of the axillary artery. (Incorrect) c. The radial and ulnar arteries join to form the palmar arch. (Correct - The radial and ulnar arteries are two major arteries in the forearm. They travel alongside each other and join together at the hand to form the palmar arch, which supplies blood to the palm and fingers.) d. All of the above are true. (incorrect) 22. Arteries serving the stomach, pancreas, and liver all branch from the ________. a. superior mesenteric artery (Incorrect) b. inferior mesenteric artery (Incorrect) c. celiac trunk (Correct - The celiac trunk is a major branch of the abdominal aorta and it gives rise to several arteries that supply blood to the stomach, pancreas, and liver.)

d. splenic artery (Incorrect) 23. The right and left brachiocephalic veins ________. a. drain blood from the right and left internal jugular veins (Correct - The brachiocephalic veins receive blood from these internal jugular veins.) b. drain blood from the right and left subclavian veins (Correct - The brachiocephalic veins receive blood from these subclavian veins.) c. drain into the superior vena cava (Correct - The brachiocephalic veins drain into the superior vena cava.) d. all of the above are true (Correct) 24. The hepatic portal system delivers blood from the digestive organs to the ________. a. liver (Correct - The hepatic portal system is a specialized network of blood vessels that carries blood from the organs of digestion, such as the stomach and intestines, to the liver. ) b. hypothalamus (Incorrect) c. spleen (Incorrect) d. left atrium (Incorrect) 25. Blood islands are ________. a. clusters of blood-filtering cells in the placenta (Incorrect) b. masses of pluripotent stem cells scattered throughout the fetal bone marrow (Incorrect) c. vascular tubes that give rise to the embryonic tubular heart (Incorrect) d. masses of developing blood vessels and formed elements scattered throughout the embryonic disc (Correct - Blood islands are specialized structures in the early stages of embryonic development. They consist of developing blood vessels and formed elements, such as blood cells, scattered throughout the embryonic disc.) 26. Which of the following statements is true? a. Two umbilical veins carry oxygen-depleted blood from the fetal circulation to the placenta. (Incorrect) b. One umbilical vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetal heart. (Correct - The umbilical vein is the vessel that transports oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the developing fetus.) c. Two umbilical arteries carry oxygen-depleted blood to the fetal lungs.(Incorrect) d. None of the above are true. (Incorrect) 27. The ductus venosus is a shunt that allows ________. a. fetal blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium (Incorrect) b. fetal blood to flow from the right ventricle to the left ventricle (Incorrect)

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c. most freshly oxygenated blood to flow into the fetal heart (Correct - The ductus venosus is responsible for directing the most freshly oxygenated blood, which comes from the placenta via the umbilical vein, into the fetal heart) d. most oxygen-depleted fetal blood to flow directly into the fetal pulmonary trunk (Incorrect)

BIOL-2302-R.Q.3

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