BIOL-2302-R.Q.2

1. The heart has ____________ chambers. a. 4 (Correct - It indeed does have 4 chambers. Consists of 2 atria and 2 ventricles) b. 3 (Incorrect) c. 2 (Incorrect) d. 1 (Incorrect) 2. Which of the following is not important in preventing backflow of blood? a. chordae tendineae (Incorrect - Does help prevent backflow by keeping the valve in place when the heart contracts) b. papillary muscles (Incorrect - Does help prevent backflow by tightening and closing the valves to keep blood in the right direction. ) c. AV valves (Incorrect - Does help prevent backflow by valves closing tightly when heart pumps to prevent backflow) d. endocardium (Correct - Does not directly prevent backflow, lines inside of the heart) 3. Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle? a. mitral (Correct - separates left atrium from left ventricle) b. Tricuspid (Incorrect - Separates right atrium from right ventricle) c. Pulmonary (Incorrect - Located between right ventricle and pulmonary artery) d. Aortic (Incorrect - Located between left ventricle and the aorta.) 4. Which of the following lists the valves in the order through which the blood flows from the vena cava through the heart? a. tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar (Correct - This is the correct order of the valves through which the blood flows from the vena cava through the heart. ) b. mitral, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar (Incorrect - Mitral valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle, not the right side of heart.) c. aortic semilunar, pulmonary semilunar, tricuspid, bicuspid (Incorrect - Aortic semilunar valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta, not right side of the heart.) d. bicuspid, aortic semilunar, tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar (Incorrect - Bicuspid valve is located on the left side of the heart, not the right side.) 5. Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit? a. left atrium (Incorrect - Receives blood from the pulmonary circuit) b. left ventricle (Incorrect - Receives blood from the left atrium ) c. right atrium (Correct - This chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit)

d. right ventricle (Incorrect - Receives blood from the right atrium) 6. The ________ layer secretes chemicals that help to regulate ionic environments and strength of contraction and serve as powerful vasoconstrictors. a. pericardial sac (Incorrect - Surrounds and protects the heart, not secrete chemicals or regulate ionic environment) b. Endocardium (Correct - Lines chambers of the heart and helps regulate ionic environment and strength of contraction) c. Myocardium (Incorrect - Middle layer of heart and responsible for contraction of heart, does not regulate chemicals or regulate ionic environment) d. Epicardium (Incorrect - Outermost layer of heart, serves as a protective layer) 7. The myocardium would be the thickest in the ________. a. left atrium ( Incorrect - does have myocardium, but not the thickest) b. left ventricle (Correct - Thickest myocardium among the four chambers of the heart because it needs to pump oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, so it requires more muscle power.) c. right atrium (Incorrect - does have myocardium, not the thickest) d. right ventricle (Incorrect - does have myocardium, not the thickest) 8. In which septum is it normal to find openings in the adult? a. interatrial septum (Incorrect) b. interventricular septum (Incorrect) c. atrioventricular septum (Correct - This is that wall that separates the atria and the ventricles of the heart. There can be openings or defects in this septum which can lead to several defects. ) d. all of the above (Incorrect) 9. Which of the following is unique to cardiac muscle cells? a. Only cardiac muscle contains a sarcoplasmic reticulum. (Incorrect) b. Only cardiac muscle has gap junctions. (Incorrect) c. Only cardiac muscle is capable of autorhythmicity (Correct - Refers to the ability of certain cells, such as cardiac pacemaker cells, to spontaneously generate electrical impulses. ) d. Only cardiac muscle has a high concentration of mitochondria. (Incorrect) 10. The influx of which ion accounts for the plateau phase? a. Sodium (Incorrect) b. Potassium (Incorrect) c. Chloride (Incorrect)

and tricuspid valves. This closure occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole, preventing the backflow of blood into the Atria ) d. closing of the semilunar valves 16. Ventricular relaxation immediately follows ________. a. atrial depolarization (Incorrect) b. ventricular repolarization (Correct - Particular we polarization refers to electrical recovery of the ventricals which occurs during the T waves on an ECG. After the ventricles contract during the ventricular systole, they undergo repolarization, leading to ventricular relaxation.) c. ventricular depolarization (Incorrect) d. atrial repolarization (Incorrect) 17. The force the heart must overcome to pump blood is known as ________. a. Preload (Incorrect) b. Afterload (Correct - Afternoon refers to the force or resistance that the heart must overcome to pump blood out of the ventricles and into the arteries. it is determined by factors such as arterial pressure and the size compliance with the blood vessels.) c. cardiac output (Incorrect) d. stroke volume (Incorrect) 18. The cardiovascular centers are located in which area of the brain? a. medulla oblongata (Correct- This is a part of the brain stem, specifically the lower part, and it houses the cardiovascular sensors) b. Pons (Incorrect) c. mesencephalon (midbrain) (Incorrect) d. Cerebrum (incorrect) 19. In a healthy young adult, what happens to cardiac output when heart rate increases above 160 bpm? a. It increases. (Incorrect ) b. It decreases.(Correct - Under normal conditions, an increase in heart rate up to certain limits related to an increase in cardiac output. however at a very high heart rate, the heart may not feel completely between Beats which can eventually decrease cardiac output ) c. It remains constant. (Incorrect) d. There is no way to predict. (Incorrect) 20. What happens to preload when there is venous constriction in the veins? a. It increases. (Correct - When there is venous constriction in the veins, the narrowing of the veins needs to increase resistance to blood flow and blood pooling in the veins. this increased volume of blood returning to the heart results in an increased preload )

b. It decreases. (Incorrect) c. It remains constant.(Incorrect) d. There is no way to predict.(Incorrect) 21. Which of the following is a positive inotrope? a. Na + (Incorrect) b. K +(Incorrect) c. Ca 2+(Correct- Calcium ions are positive in trophies. This allows the heart muscles to contract more forcefully.) d. both Na + and K + (Incorrect) 22. The earliest organ to form and begin function within the developing human is the ________. a. Brain (Incorrect) b. Stomach (Incorrect) c. Lungs (Incorrect) d. Heart (Correct - the heart is the earliest organ to form and begin functioning within the developing human. it starts beating and pumping blood as early as a fourth week of gestation) 23. Of the three germ layers that give rise to all adult tissues and organs, which gives rise to the heart? a. Ectoderm (Incorrect) b. Endoderm (Incorrect) c. Mesoderm (correct- This is the Germ layer that gives rise to the heart. it forms various structures in the body including muscles bones connected tissue and of course the heart ) d. Placenta (Incorrect) 24. The two tubes that eventually fuse to form the heart are referred to as the ________. a. primitive heart tubes (Incorrect) b. endocardial tubes (Incorrect) c. cardiogenic region (Incorrect) d. cardiogenic tubes (Correct - The two tubes that eventually fuse to form the hearts are referred to as cardiogenic tubes. these are part of the early developments of the heart in the embryo) 25. Which primitive area of the heart will give rise to the right ventricle? a. bulbus cordis (correct - This contributes the formation of the right ventricle in the developing heart) b. primitive ventricle (incorrect) c. sinus venosus (Incorrect) d. truncus arteriosus (incorrect)