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| Assignment 1.1: Introduction to Genetics (41 marks) Please respond to the following assignment questions in the space provided. Remember that you will submit this assignment to your tutor/ marker for assessment at the end of this module, along with the other assignments from Module 1. 1. In some breeds of dogs, black fur colour is dominant over yellow fur colour. Call these alleles B and b. (10 marks total—2 marks for each question) ' a) What two genotypes are possible for a dog that has black fur? b) What is the one genotype for a dog that has yellow fur? c) If the male parent has genotype Bb, what two types of sperm cells can he produce? d) If the female parent has genotype BB, what type of egg cell can she produce? e) Is it possible for the two dogs from questions (c) and (d) to produce yellow puppies? Why or why not? (continued) Modufe 1: Understanding Biological Inheritance H i3
Assignment 1.1: Introduction to Genetics (continued) 2. Mendel worked with many traits of garden peas. Six traits that he studied are given below. Use the information provided to answer the questions that follow. (20 marks total—2 marks per question) Trait Dominant Recessive Seed shape: Round (R) Wrinkled (r) Seed colour: Yellow (Y) Green (y) Pod shape: Smooth (S) Wrinkled (s) Pod colour: Green (C) Yellow (c) Flower position: . Axial (A) . Terminal (a) Stem length: Tall (T) Short (t) a) What is the genotype of a purebred plant that produces axial flowers? b) What is the genotype of a plant that is hybrid for seed colour? ¢) What is the phenotype of a plant that has genotype Cc? d) What is the phenotype of a plant that is homozygous recessive for stem length? €) What is the genotype of a plant that is heterozygous for pod shape? f) What is the phenotype of a plant that is heterozygous for pod colour? g) What types of gametes can a plant that is purebred for smooth pod shape produce? (continued) 14 B Grade 12 Biology
Assignment 1.1: Introduction to Genetics (continued) h) What is the genotype of a short plant? i) Do plants that are heterozygous for flower position have axial flowers or terminal flowers? j) What three possible genotypes can a pea plant possess for seed colour? 3. In some breeds of dogs, the hairless condition is dominant over the hairy condition. Explain how it is possible for two dogs that are hairless to produce a puppy that is hairy. (5 marks) (continued) Maodule 1: Understanding Blological Inheritance B 15
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Assignment 1.1: Introduction to Genetics (continued) 4, Name and briefly explain Mendel’s three laws of inheritance. (6 marks) 16 E Grade 12 Biology
| Assignment 1.2: Making Predictions in Genetics (38 marks) Please respond to the following assignment questions in the space provided. Remember that you will submit this assignment to your tutor/ marker for assessment at the end of this module, along with the other assignments from Module 1. 1. In the case of Dalmatian dogs, the non-spotted condition is recessive to the dominant spotted condition. Call the two alleles S for spotted and s for non-spotted. Draw a Punnett square to illustrate the cross between two heterozygous parents. Then answer the following questions. (6 marks total—2 marks for the Punnett square and 2 marks for each set of questions) a) What are the possible genotypes of the offspring? In what ratio do they occur? b) What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring? In what ratio do they occur? (continued) Module 1: Understanding Biological Inheritance H 27
Assignment 1.2: Making Predictions in Genetics (continued) 2. Consider again the case of Dalmatian dogs. Say that a spotted dog and a non-spotted dog are crossed. Is it possible for them to produce any non- spotted puppies? Why or why not? Explain your answer using Punnett squares. (4 marks) (continued) 28 m Grade 12 Biology
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~, Assignment 1.2: Making Predictions in Genetics (continued) 3. In some mice, the allele P causes normal coloration and the allele p causes a lack of pigment to occur, called albinism. Coloration is controlled by simple dominance. Another trait, ear shape, is also controlled by simple dominance; for this trait, the allele N causes normal ear shape and the allele n causes folded ears. Use a Punnett square to predict the offspring of Parent #1 who is heterozygous for both traits and Parent #2 who is albino but is purebred for normal ear shape. Then answer the following questions. (10 marks total—2 marks for the Punnett square and 2 marks for each set of questions) a) What are the possible genotypes of the offspring? In what ratios do they occur? b) What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring? In what ratios do they occur? ) (continued) Module 1: Understanding Biological Inheritance H 29
Assignment 1.2: Making Predictions in Genetics (continued) ¢) Are any offspring produced exactly like Parent #1 ® in terms of genotype? How many out of 16? ® in terms of phenotype? How many out of 16? d) Are any offspring produced exactly like Parent #2 m in terms of genotype? How many out of 16? B in terms of phenotype? How many out of 16?7 (continued) 30 B Grade 12 Bialogy
; ’”": Assignment 1.2: Making Predictions in Genetics (continued) 4, In some cattle, coat colour is controlled by a gene that has two alleles that are co-dominant: R for red coat and W for white coat. A heterozygous animal is roan in colour and has a mixture of red and white hair in its coat. Use a Punnett square to show the cross between a red animal and a roan animal. Then answer the following questions. (6 marks total—2 marks for the Punnett square and 2 marks for each set of questions) . a) What are the possible genotypes of the offspring? In what ratios do they occur? b) What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring? In what ratios do they occur? (continued) s Module 1: Understanding Biological Inheritance B 31
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Assignment 1.2: Making Predictions in Genetics (continued] 5. In some varieties of corn, yellow seed colour is a dominant trait, while purple seed colour is a recessive trait. Using a test cross, explain how you would determine the genotype of a plant that possesses yellow seeds. (4 marks) (continued) 32 B Grade 12 Biology
P 7 e Assignment 1.2: Making Predictions in Genetics (continued] 6. In the fruit fly (Drosophila) the allele for dumpy wings, d, is recessive to the normal allele for long wings, D. The allele for ebony body colour, e, is recessive to the normal allele for wild (grey) body colour, E. In a cross between a purebred, long-winged fly that is heterozygous for body colour and a second fly that is heterozygous for wing shape and body colour, use a Punnett square to show the expected genotypes of their offspring. Then answer the following questions. (8 marks total—4 marks for the Punnett square and 2 marks for each set of questions) a) What are the possible genotypes of the offspring? In what ratio are they expected to occur? ‘ b) What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring? In what ratio are they expected to occur? Module 1: Understanding Biological Inheritance B 33
34 Notes B Grade 12 Biology
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L Assignment 1.3: Sex-Linked Traits (44 marks) Please respond to the following assignment questions in the space provided. Remember that you will submit this assignment to your tutor/ marker for assessment at the end of this module, along with the other assignments from Module 1. 1. Recall that red-green colour-blindness is a relatively rare, recessive sex- linked trait in humans. Explain how a man who has red-green colour- blindness rarely fathers a son who also possesses the trait. (2 marks) (continued) Module 1: Understanding Biological Inheritance H 41
Assignment 1.3: Sex-Linked Traits (continued) 2. Hemophilia is a relatively rare, recessive sex-linked trait in humans. Say that a man with hemophilia marries a woman who is homozygous normal (does not have hemophilia). Let X be the normal gene and X" be the recessive gene. Draw a Punnett square illustrating this cross, and then answer the following questions. (14 marks total—2 marks for the Punnett square and 2 marks for each question) a) What type or types of gametes can the father produce? b) What type or types of gametes can the mother produce? c) What is the probability that their daughters will be carriers of the gene for hemophilia (but not show the trait themselves)? d) What is the probability that their daughters will have hemophilia? e) What is the probability that their sons will be carriers of the gene for hemophilia (but not show the trait themselves)? f) What is the probability that their sons will have hemophilia? (continued) 42 M Grade 12 Biology
Assignment 1.3: Sex-Linked Traits (continued) 3. A colour-blind man (X¢Y) marries a woman with normal vision whose father is colour-blind. Show the gametes of the man and the woman, and complete a Punnett square to illustrate this cross. Then answer the following questions. (14 marks total—2 marks for the Punnett square and 2 marks for each question) a) What type or types of gametes can the father produce? b) What type or types of gametes can the mother produce? ¢) What is the probability that their daughters will be carriers of the " gene for colour-blindness (but not show the trait themselves)? d) What is the probability that their daughters will be colour-blind? e) What is the probability that their sons will be carriers of the gene for colour-blindness (but not show the trait themselves)? f) What is the probability that their sons will be colour-blind? (continued) Module 1: Understanding Biological Inheritance ®| 43
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Assignment 1.3: Sex-Linked Traits {continued) 4. A man with hemophilia marries a woman who is a carrier for the gene. Show the gametes of the man and the woman, and complete a Punnett square to illustrate this cross. Then answer the following questions. (14 marks total—2 marks for the Punnett square and 2 marks for each question) a) What type or types of gametes can the father produce? b) What type or types of gametes can the mother produce? ¢) What is the probability that their daughters will be carriers of the gene for hemophilia (but not show the trait themselves)? d) What is the probability that their daughters will have hemophilia? e) What is the probability that their sons will be carriers of the gene for hemophilia (but not show the trait themselves)? f) What is the probability that their sons will have hemophilia? 44 B Grade 12 Biology
Module 1 Pedigree Instructions: Draw your family tree, including your grandparents. In otherwords, your grandparents are the first generation, your parents are the second generation, and you and your siblings are the third generation. Beginning with generation lI, include all family members. Ifyou come from a large extended family, this may require alarge diagram. Theideais to have enough information to show three generations. You may have to ask your parents or some of your relatives for information. Use any computer program with drawing tools and the ability to save a file as a "gif' (Paint or-Paintbrush will work). Use this program to draw your pedigree. Note: As an alternative to using your own family, you can use another family that youare familiar with. Make sure you choose a family with three known generations.
Module 1 Dihybrid Cross Genotypes and Phenotypes —~ Instructions: In pea plants, tallness is dominant and short height is recessive. Smooth seeds are dominant over wrinkled seeds. Given the cross TtSs x TtSs, determine all the possible gene combinations of gametes. List the number and possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring. Use a Punnett square to help analyze the combinations. Your assignment will include: e A dihybrid cross Punnett square. e A list of the genotypes and the number of each one. e Alist of the phenotypes and the number of each one.
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\ Assignment 1.4: Pedigree Charts and Genetic Testing (39 marks) Please respond to the following assignment questions in the space provided. Remember that you will submit this assignment to your tutor/ marker for assessment at the end of this module, along with the other assignments from Module 1. 1. Consider the pedigree chart (provided in Learning Activity 1.4) showing the inheritance of hemophilia in the family and descendants of Queen Victoria. Queen Victoria’s third child, Alice, passed hemophilia on to the German and Russian imperial families. (9 marks total) Alice had six children, one of whom had hemophilia. Her only son, Fred, died at the age of three after a fall. Of her five daughters, two were carriers of the recessive gene. B One of those heterozygous daughters, Alix, married Tsar Nikolas II of Russia. The recessive gene was thereby introduced into the Russian imperial family. Alix and Nikolas had five children: Olga, Tatiana, Marie, Anastasia, and Alexis. Alexis, their only son, was often in severe pain as a child because of the bleeding into the joints that occurred. But Alexis did not die from hemophilia. At the age of 14, he was executed along with his four older sisters and his parents. None of his sisters had any children, so their genotypes are not known. a) What is the probability that Anastasia was heterozygous for the hemophilia gene? What is the probability that she was homozygous recessive? What is the probability that she was homozygous dominant? (3 marks) (continued) it Module 1: Understanding Biological Inheritance B 57
Assignment 1.4: Pedigree Charts and Genetic Testing (continued) 58 b) If Alexis had lived and had married and had children with a normal, purebred woman, what are the chances that his daughter would have hemophilia? What are the chances that his son would have hemophilia? (2 marks) In 1995 a man by the name of Eugene Romanov claimed that he was a grandson of Nikolas II's youngest daughter, Anastasia, whose body had never been recovered. He claimed to share both the last name, Romanov, and the disease of hemophilia with the royal family’s lineage. He claimed that Anastasia was not executed but was raised by a farmer and later married and gave birth to a daughter, his mother. Assuming that Eugene’s argument was true, what were the likely genotypes of his mother and grandmother if neither had hemophilia? What were the likely genotypes of his father and grandfather if neither had the disease? Could Eugene’s argument be true? Why or why not? (4 marks) (continued) Grade 12 Biolagy
Assignment 1.4: Pedigree Charts and Genetic Testing (continued) 2. The condition known as rickets in humans causes bones in its victims to be abnormally soft. Rickets in children can cause bone deformities. Usually, rickets is caused by a dietary lack of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus; rickets is, therefore, not usually a genetic condition. However, one form known as vitamin D-resistant rickets is caused by a dominant allele located on the X chromosome. The pedigree chart in Figure 1.10 shows the inheritance of the genetic form of rickets through three generations of a family. (20 marks total) Figure 1.10 Pedigree Chart: Inheritance of Genetic Form of Rickets [] normal male Fil male with rickets (O normal female @ female with rickets P generation 1 2 oot ] B © 44 4 10 11 12 13 14 15 a) What is the genotype of the parental female (#2) if R is the dominant rickets allele on the X chromosome? Explain your reasoning. (4 marks) (continued) Module 1: Understanding Biological Inheritance M 59
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Assignment 1.4: Pedigree Charts and Genetic Testing (continued) b) What is the genotype of the parental male (#1)? Explain your reasoning. (4 marks) C) Explain why individual #8 has rickets, but has three sons who do not have rickets. (4 marks) d) What is the genotype of individual #4? Explain your reasoning. (4 marks) e) Individual #10 wonders why he does not have rickets, but his brother and sister both have the disease. Explain how this situation is possible. (4 marks) (continued) 60 B Grade 12 Blology
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PSS Assignment 1.4: Pedigree Charts and Genetic Testing (continued) 3. Larry and his older brother, Harry, have just found out that their father has been diagnosed with Huntington disease. Larry is 22 years old and Harry is three years older than Larry. Huntington disease is an incurable disorder that causes a slow progressive deterioration of the brain, resulting in death. Symptoms appear in the affected individual between the ages of 30 and 50 and they do not improve. Huntington disease is an autosomal dominant disorder for which a genetic screening test has been developed. That test can reveal with 100 percent certainty whether or not the person will develop the disease. Larry is still single, but Harry is married and he and his wife are expecting their first child. In your opinion, should Larry have the screening test for Huntington disease? Why or why not? Should Harry have the test done? Why or why not? (5 marks) (continued) Module 1: Understanding Biological Inheritance ®| 61
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Assignment 1.4: Pedigree Charts and Genetic Testing (continued) 4. Cynthia is 42 years old and is pregnant with her third child. Routine genetic screening conducted 18 weeks into the pregnancy showed an abnormal result that may indicate that the baby has Down syndrome. Cynthia is being encouraged to consider amniocentesis, which could either confirm Down syndrome or yield normal results. Amniocentesis is not required. In your opinion, should Cynthia proceed with amniocentesis? Why or why not? If she does agree to amniocentesis and the results indicate that the fetus does have Down syndrome, what should Cynthia do? Why? (5 marks) 62 B Grade 12 Biology
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| Assignment 1.5: Nondisjunction and Karyotypes (13 marks) Please respond to the following assignment questions in the space provided. Remember that you will submit this assignment to your tutor/ marker for assessment at the end of this module, along with the other assignments from Module 1. 1. Recall the discussion of amniocentesis from Lesson 4 of this module, and consider some of the chromosomal mutations due to nondisjunction that you learned about in Lesson 5. How is the process of karyotyping useful when ‘screening for genetic conditions such as Down syndrome? (2 marks) N S 2. Do you think it is ethically acceptable for a couple to have amniocentesis done during pregnancy to find out whether their child has a chromosomal mutation? Explain your position regarding this issue. (3 marks) ( ‘ (continued) ,, 2 Module 1: Understanding Biological Inheritance H 73
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Assighment 1.5: Nondisjunction and Karyotypes (continued) 3. Genetic screening is available for conditions such as Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome. Do you think that mandatory genetic testing for these conditions and any others caused by monosomies and trisomies should be required during pregnancy? Explain your position regarding this issue. (3 marks) 4. Explain how a normal male and a normal female can have a child with the XYY condition. Explain how the same parents could have a child with the XXY condition. (5 marks) 74 H Grade 12 Biology
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