478-678-2024-Exam 1 possible questions

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1 Exam 1 Possible Questions Jan 19 What is Ecological Restoration? / Film: The man who planted trees 1) Consider the understanding of ecological restoration you had at the beginning of this course (Quiz 1). How has your understanding changed since then? 2) Describe the ecological consequences that resulted from the shepherd planting trees in the barren landscape, how did these effects propagate through the ecosystem? And explain whether you would consider the work that the shepherd did, ecological restoration? Why or why not? 3) In “The Man Who Planted Trees,” to what do later teams of experts attribute the appearance of the forest? a) They attribute the forest to the man’s work b) They claim credit for the restoration of the forest c) They suppose the villagers in the surrounding towns must have planted the trees d) They say it grew spontaneously e) b and c are correct 4) How did the shepherd in “The Man Who Planted Trees” increase his chances of success when planting his forest? a) He built a fence around his seedlings b) He used high quality topsoil c) He checked the quality of his acorns and planted more seeds than he needed to account for the fact that not all of his seeds would sprout d) He consulted the local university about the most effective ecological restoration techniques e) He trained his dog to scare off intruders who might destroy his seedlings 5) In the film “The Man Who Planted Trees” the shepherd was planting trees because: a) He promised his wife he would b) His sheep needed trees for survival c) He needed the trees for charcoal d) He believed the land was dying e) He was a forester

2 Jan 22 The Need for Restoration /Katz 2018 6) Describe at least one defining attribute of each of the following eras: The Era of Exploitation, The Era of Conservation, and the Era of Restoration 7) Eric Katz argues that ecological restoration: a) Creates a human-produced system designed to satisfy human needs and wants b) Cannot physically restore an entity or system to a prior state c) Assumes human dominion over the natural world d) Cannot be justified as a way to achieve moral reparations with nature e) All of the above 8) The UN declared 2021- 2030 as the decade of ____? a) Conservation b) Ecosystem Restoration c) Astrophysics d) Restoration Ecology e) None of the above 9) Which of the following is NOT a possible benefit of ecological restoration? a) improving air quality b) improving soil health c) ensuring sustainability of natural resources d) provide economic gain e) none of the above – they are all possible benefits 10) Initiative 20x20 refers to a) An international effort to conserve 20 X 20 kilometer plots of land in developing countries b) A pledge between 8 countries to restore 20 million hectares of degraded land in Central and South America by 2020 c) An African coalition announced at the 2015 Paris Climate Talks d) A United Nations resolution laying the foundation for the worlds countries to have “perfect vision” of current deforestation by using LIDAR and satellite images e) Efforts to conserve the top 20 endangered plant and animal species in the U.S. 11) What is the Bonn Challenge? a) A restoration initiative started by a coalition of 10 African nations that will restore 100 million hectares by 2030 b) The World Bank started the Bonn Challenge to raise the billions of dollars required to restore degraded lands c) A marathon designed to call attention to global climate change by taking runners through degraded lands d) The ICUN and several European countries pledged to have 150 million hectares restored by 2020 and 350 million hectares by 2030 e) Named for Charles Bonn, the first person to complete the challenge, participants attempt to eat 16 dozen donuts in 16 minutes to raise awareness and money for restoration initiatives.

3 12) Katz (2018) main argument is that ecological restoration: a) Is the best thing we can do as a society b) Is impossible c) Gives people an excuse to continue to degrade the environment d) Reduces the chance of people degrading the environment in the first place e) Doesn’t exist Jan 24 – Historical Views of Ecological Restoration; Higgs et al. 2014, Harari 2015 13) What is the SER definition of ecological restoration? Briefly describe the meaning and reasoning behind the wording of this definition in the context of how it has changed over the years. 14) In what ways can historical knowledge be of practical value for ecological restoration and in what ways can commitment to historical conditions be problematic? 15) Restoration was first practiced by: a) The Society for Ecological Restoration b) Environmentalists in the 1960’s and 70’s c) Universities in the western United States d) The U.S. coal mining industry e) The first humans who managed lands 16) Ecosystems have a history, but their _____ is not their _____ a) Future; Past b) History; current condition c) Past; Future d) Past; biography e) Something; Something 17) What is the definition of Reclamation? a) Replanting a disturbed ecosystem b) Restoring a damaged ecosystem back to its natural status c) The process of making a disturbed site habitable to organisms that were originally present or others that approximate the original inhabitants d) The process of cleaning up an old coal mine by removing any pollutants from the soil layer and planting native vegetation on the exposed soils to prevent erosion e) The process of restoring a highly disturbed coal mine site back to the ecosystem that was present before the mine was established 18) Which of these is most in line with the current concept of ecological restoration? a) A return to pre-European conditions. b) A return to pre-human conditions. c) Allowing an ecosystem to recover from degradation on its own. d) Helping an ecosystem recover more quickly than it would do so on its own. e) Reparation for moral wrongs done to the environment.

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4 19) Harari (2016) states which of the following about pre-historic human history? a) The Industrial Revolution was the beginning of human-caused mass extinctions. b) Megafauna consistently disappears in regions following the arrival of humans. c) The disappearance of many large herbivores can be attributed to anthropogenic climate change. d) Humans mostly lived in harmony with terrestrial mammals until the development of non-nomadic societies. e) The invention of chariots following the discovery of the wheel allowed for the first instances of mass hunting and, subsequently, the extinction of many large mammals. 20) According to Higgs et al. (2014), “Restoration v. 2.0” ____? a) Is driven by history as a template b) Has a singular trajectory c) Places an emphasis on composition d) Is driven by history as a guide e) All of the above 21) What key piece of U.S. legislation helped land managers begin to define the process of recovering degraded sites? a) Clean Water Act b) Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act c) The Restoration and Reclamation Act d) National Environmental Policy Act e) The Superfund Act 22) In Higgs et al. (2014), what is a difference between restoration v1.0 and v2.0 a) V2.0 is history as a guide, while V1.0 is history as a template. b) V1.0 focuses on a singular trajectory while v2.0 focuses on multiple trajectories. c) V1.0 focuses on restoring landscapes to pre-European times, v2.0 focuses on reference sites. d) Both a and b e) None of the above 23) Which term best describes restoration, creation, or enhancement of ecosystems for the purpose of compensating for unavoidable impacts to ecosystems at another location? a) Ecological Trajectory b) Reference ecosystems c) Reclamation d) Reconciliation Ecology e) Mitigation

5 Jan 26 – Eco-cultural restoration; Bliska et al. 2024 24) Compare and contrast eco-cultural restoration, reconciliation ecology, and restoration ecology. 25) Discuss one positive and one negative effect of including a large number of people in the planning stage of an ecological restoration project. 26) What are some unique benefits of utilizing Indigenous and Local Knowledge (ILK or TEK) in ecological restoration projects? 27) Traditional ecological knowledge: a) Is not useful for modern ecological restoration b) Teaches that disturbances are harmful to ecosystems c) Can provide important information about local natural resources d) Is the only way to increase the abundance of endangered species e) Is incorporated into all federal land management practices in the Unities States 28) Traditional ecological knowledge is a) Something b) Indigenous knowledge of local natural resources c) Another name for restoration d) Ecological knowledge passed down from the colonial era e) Study of prehistoric ecology 29) The concept of ecocultural restoration considers all of the following EXCEPT: a) Involving the local community in decision making b) Engaging indigenous peoples c) Developing young generations of ecological land stewards d) Using the best available science regardless of a consensus by locals e) Restoring cultures’ relationships to the earth 30) Which of the following is not a key principle of eco-cultural restoration projects, as stated in Bliska et al., 2024? a) Reinvigorating traditions and culture b) Sparking learning across generations c) Centering and valuing ancestral understandings d) Return of cultures to a previous or fixed state e) Engaging communities holistically 31) According to the Bliska et al. (2024), which of the following are part of the 4 questions to ask when approaching restoration from an eco-cultural lens? a) What forms of knowledge are prioritized in this project? b) How can the education of younger generations be tied in to the project? c) What are the sources of funding for this project, and how can funders be involved in the process? d) Both a and b e) All the above

6 Jan 29 – Definitions / SER 2019 32) Briefly describe the difference between ecological restoration and restoration ecology? 33) Choose two terms from the following and explain at least one similarity and one difference between them in your own words: Rehabilitation, Revegetation, Mitigation, Reconciliation, Reclamation, Ecological Engineering, Rewilding. 34) Describe the concept of “ecological trajectory” and its importance in ecological restoration. 35) What is reconciliation ecology? a) The science of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. b) The science of inventing, establishing and maintaining new habitats to conserve species diversity in places where people live, work or play. c) The science of making a disturbed site habitable to organisms that were originally present or others that approximate the original inhabitants. d) The science of repairing damaged ecosystem functions, with the goal of raising productivity for some beneficial use. e) The science of which ecological restoration is based upon. 36) What is the primary benefit of using native reference ecosystems? a) Serves as a model for planning and evaluating project outcomes b) Provides opportunities for human-use c) Cultural input d) Shows the potential for human development on a site e) Allows for greater use of introduced species 37) Which is NOT one of the eight principles underpinning Restoration Ecology as stated by the SER Primer? a) Seeks the highest level of recovery possible b) Engages stakeholders c) Draws on many types of knowledge d) Returns ecosystems to perfect historical states e) Is part of a continuum of restorative activities 38) Which of the following sources of information is not useful in describing reference conditions? a) Paleoecological evidence such as pollen, tree ring history, and rodent middens b) Aerial and ground-level photos c) Historical accounts from local populations d) Ecological descriptions and maps of the site prior to damage e) Intuition of project managers 39) Mitigation is: a) Compensating for environmental damage b) The process of establishing plants in areas devoid of vegetation c) Doing civil engineering with natural materials and living organisms d) Thinning vegetation around homes in the Wildland-Urban Interface e) The science of inventing, establishing, and maintaining new habitats to conserve species diversity where people live, work, or play

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7 40) What is the name of the science upon which the practice of ecological restoration is based? a) Reclamation ecology b) Reconciliation ecology c) Restoration ecology d) Rehabilitation ecology e) Resource ecology 41) Ecological disturbance is defined as: a) The disruption of healthy functioning b) A local variation from the average or normal conditions c) A discrete, punctuated killing, displacement, or damaging of one or more individuals that directly or indirectly creates an opportunity for new individuals to establish d) Both A and B e) None of the above 42) A reference ecosystem is: a) The state or condition of an ecosystem in which its dynamic attributes are expressed within a ‘normal’ range of variability relative to its successional stage b) A model for a planning and evaluating restoration projects c) Developmental pathway of an ecosystem through time d) Interactions among organisms and interactions between organisms and their environment e) The ability of an ecosystem to regain structural and functional attributes in the face of stress and disturbance 43) The definition “an assemblage of species populations that occur together in space and time” fits which ecology concept most closely? a) Community b) Natural landscape c) Wilderness d) Ecosystem e) Native population 44) What is the current definition of Ecological restoration? a) The process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. b) The process of bringing back native plants to a degraded ecosystem. c) The work done to change or alter an ecosystem for anthropogenic benefit. d) The process of making a disturbed site habitable to organisms that were originally present or others that approximate the original inhabitants. e) The process of restoring or conserving natural processes and wilderness areas

8 Jan 31 - Succession 1 45) In a few sentences, compare and contrast passive restoration vs active restoration. In which ways are they similar? In which ways do they differ? 46) In your own words what is the Humpty Dumpty effect in regard to ecological restoration? 47)Why do the initial colonizers in primary succession matter? What is this phenomenon called? 48) Which quality is characteristic of early-successional plants? a) They recover quickly from resource limitations. b) They have high rates of photosynthesis. c) They do not devote many resources to defense. d) Light enhances their seed germination. e) All of the above. 49) What is succession (in the context of Ecological Restoration)? a) A good TV show b) The process of development involving changes in species composition and community processes over time c) A discrete, punctuated killing, displacement, or damaging of one or more individuals that directly or indirectly creates an opportunity for new individuals to become established d) The interactions between individuals of a species e) Competition among individuals in a community 50) What drives succession? a) Nutrient cycling b) Animal interactions with plants c) Attributes of organisms d) Initial colonizers e) All of the above 51) Following a severe disturbance, vegetation changes from a community governed by dynamics of colonization to one governed by_______? a) Competition for resources b) Tolerance to limited nutrients c) Adaptation d) Ability to avoid predation e) None of the above 52) Which of the following was NOT a feature of Clements’ 1916 view of Ecological Succession? a) Succession takes place along a gradual continuum. b) Succession will always lead to a specific, predictable climax community. c) Succession happens in transition stages between stable states. d) Succession occurs through a sequence of six processes. e) A and D

9 53) In a Primary Succession situation, which of the following is true? a) Most or all vegetation is gone and the area must be colonized from outside. b) One type of vegetation has come to dominate an ecosystem over time. c) Only red, yellow, or blue flowering plants can survive. d) The first, i.e. primary, animal species to colonize will be the one to succeed. e) None of the above 54) Cyanobacteria colonizing the Pumice Plain after the eruption of Mount St. Helens is an example of: a) Allelopathy b) High nitrogen in the soil c) Primary succession d) Propagules in the soil e) Secondary succession 55) Which of the following is false regarding Clements (1916) and Gleason’s (1926,1939) view of succession? a) Clements view of succession was deterministic and directional. b) Clements described succession as a sequence of six identifiable processes c) Gleason saw succession as a process dependent on the properties of individual species d) Gleason view of succession was largely unpredictable and not directional e) Gleason believed despite multiple possible starting points, succession would proceed to a specific climax stage within a given climate 56) The concept that the long term successional trajectory of vegetation is strongly influenced by the species composition of the initial colonizers is referred to as __________. a) Succession b) Founder effects c) “Early bird catches the worm” theory d) The humpty-dumpty dilemma e) The nitrogen cycle 57) How do animals promote ecological succession? a) Depositing seeds b) Spreading bacteria and other micro-orgs via feces c) Selective herbivory d) All of the above e) They don’t 58) What describes the notion that living entities cannot be reassembled or remade? a) Primary succession b) Secondary succession c) Ecological Reconciliation d) Alternative stable state e) Humpty Dumpty Effect

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10 Feb 2 - Succession 2; Swanson et al. 2011. 59) Swanson et al. (2011) argued that early-successional ecosystems are underappreciated. Why are early- successional forest ecosystems important? 60) Community assembly is: a) The study of why communities end up containing the species they contain, and organized the way that they are organized b) A way to hold discussions of issues of broad interest within your community c) Controlled by environmental conditions and the characteristics of plant species available at the site. d) the general form or appearance of a community e) an assemblage of species populations that occur together in space and time 61) Clements a) Pioneered the Holdridge Life Zone Classification system b) Saw succession as a process dependent on species specific traits c) Proposed a state-and-transition model of succession d) Viewed succession as deterministic and directional e) Thought succession was unpredictable 62) Which restoration strategy should be considered first before any human intervention? a) Succession b) Community assembly c) Passive restoration d) Single stable state model e) Active restoration 63) Which of the following is true about succession in forested sites? a) Early-successional forested ecosystems lack the biodiversity present in old-growth forests. b) Post-disturbance logging and tree planting can limit the duration and species richness in early- successional forests. c) Early-successional forests are characterized by low productivity of plant species. d) Early-successional forests are the only period dominated by tree canopies. e) Food webs and ecosystem processes are more complex in late-successional forests that early- successional stands. 64) The state-and-transition model of succession: a) Is deterministic and directional, leading to a specific climax stage within a given climate b) Acknowledge that once a system is in a stable state, it will remain that way c) Acknowledges that successional pathways can be complex and may lead to convergence at a single community, or divergence to multiple communities d) Is an individualistic concept that regards succession as a process dependent on the properties of individual species e) Is a classification tool that uses annual precipitation and mean temperature to estimate vegetation patterns

11 65) State and transition models of succession are useful because they explicitly incorporate ___________, which helps focus attention on what is required to overcome bottlenecks. a) Facilitation, b) Pathways, c) Life zones, d) Thresholds, e) Climax communities Feb 5 - Restoration Process 66) Explain how you might identify constraints on a restoration project. 67) Why is it important to identify and prioritize constraints in the restoration process? Give an example of a constraint and explain how it might affect the decisions of restoration practitioners 68) How can establishing landscape corridors be useful in restoration? a) They create a buffer that separates a restoration site from further disturbances b) They create a way for restoration crews to access a restoration site c) They can function as a testing site for proposed restoration techniques d) They create aesthetic spaces near highways e) They create a connection between a restoration site and an undisturbed site so that seeds, animals, and other ecosystem components can move into the site 69) Why are teams of experts needed to accomplish restoration goals? a) The restoration process includes a lot of hands on labor, so many workers are needed. b) Restoration takes a long time, so successors must be trained along the way in order to accomplish the restoration goal. c) Restoration is complex and needs many viewpoints across multiple disciplines to achieve restoration goals d) Restoration goals cost a lot of money, so it is good to have a lot of people involved to cut costs. e) Teams of experts are not necessary because restoration only involves ecological elements. 70) The final step in the restoration process is: a) Assessing success b) Submitting documentation to the Society for Ecological Restoration c) Maintaining the ecosystem through adaptive management d) Identifying constraints e) Prioritizing constraints 71) What rarely gets done after a restoration project is complete that is very important? a) Monitoring b) Invasive species control c) Development d) Stopping disturbances e) Wildlife introduction

12 72) Which of the following is not a typical constraint in the restoration process? a) Physical condition b) Seed sources c) Disturbance regime d) Determining restoration goals e) Novel/exotic species 73) What type of specialist should be consulted for an ecological restoration project? a) Ecologists b) Soil scientists c) Botanists d) Hydrologists e) All of the above 74) Which Society for Ecological Restoration tool is used to assess the progress of a restored ecosystem as compared to a reference model? a) Ecological Recovery Wheel b) Decision Tree c) Best Management Practices d) Social Benefits Wheel e) Design and implementation 75) Which step is most critical for stakeholder engagement when planning a restoration project? a) Identify constraints b) Prioritize constraints c) Address constraints d) Determine the restoration goal e) Reestablish the disturbance regime

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13 Feb 7 – Reference Conditions; Egan & Howell 2001; pp264-279 in Leopold 1949 76) Why is it important to use “Reference conditions”? 77) Describe how knowledge of the historic range of variability (HRV) can be useful in ecological restoration 78) Reference conditions help with all the following EXCEPT a) Define what the preferred condition is compared to the present condition b) Determine what factors caused the degradation c) Predict alternate stable states d) Define what needs to be done to restore the system e) Establish criteria for measuring success 79) Determining the HRV allows restorationists to: a) Understand the dynamics of the ecosystem they are restoring b) Gauge how an ecosystem will react to a given initial condition c) Establish reference conditions for restoration and management d) Understand everything they will ever need to know e) a, b & c 80) What should be incorporated into reference conditions for restoration? a) Historical analysis from multiple sources b) Contemporary data c) Ecosystem models d) Historical data from multiple scales e) All of the above 81) An important quality of ecosystems to consider when setting restoration goals is that: a) They result from complex processes b) They are open systems c) They are non-linear d) They have a history e) All of the above 82) Which of the following statements best fits the HRV concept? a) Systems that are static and do not change over time and space b) Systems that are partially dynamic and change over time but not space c) Ecosystems are not self-sustaining and restoration efforts are the only practical solutions for recovery d) Ecosystems are constantly at equilibrium e) Systems change over both time and space, but within a range where the system remains basically recognizable

14 83) Which is the best type of reference model to use in ecological restoration? a) Contemporary sites to be restored (same time, same place) b) Historical models of restoration sites (different time, same place) c) Contemporary remnants (same time, different place) d) Historic remnants (different time, different place) e) A combination of models a, b, c, and d 84) A novel climate has: a) Several contemporary equivalents b) No modern analogue c) Been represented in the past d) Reoccurs spatially, but not temporally e) None of the above. 85) What is a Contemporary reference model? a) Same time, same place b) Different time, same place c) Same time, different place d) Different time, different place e) All of the above are examples of a contemporary reference model Feb 9 – Rachelle Ramer, CSU Morgan Library – Scientific information and writing 86) Why is evaluating sources of information important? Feel free to use examples outside of this class to illustrate your point. 87) What is 1 good way to evaluate your literature sources? a) Ask if the author/organization is credible authority in the field. b) Read the paper, and if you see if you agree or disagree. c) Check publication date and determine if the information is up to date. d) Both a and c e) None of the above 88) What would be a valid reason to use a full quotation as a source in your professional report or paper? a) Fill space to meet word count. b) Randomly, to add complexity. c) To make the paper more interesting. d) When the author’s phrasing is particularly eloquent or historically significant and cannot be paraphrased without losing its meaning. e) When the quotation would make the paper more visually appealing.

15 Feb 12 – Dispersal Filter 89) Compare and contrast active vs. passive dispersal of organisms and give an example of an organism that uses each mode of dispersal. 90) Describe one type of adaptation that is important for organisms that rely on temporal dispersal? 91) Describe what dispersal polymorphism is and why it is successful. 92) What is zoochoric dispersal? a) Dispersal through animal vectors such as birds or squirrels b) Dispersal through water similar to mangroves c) Dispersal through the air like milkweed seeds d) Dispersal through launching mechanisms e) None of the above 93) Colonization of a disturbed area occurs via: a) Adaptation b) Evolution c) Dispersal d) Human influence e) Recovery 94) Which is NOT a type of passive dispersal: a) Anemochoric b) Hydrochoric c) Zoochoric d) Agorachoric e) Temporal 95) Producing a large number of spores is one way of overcoming the unpredictability of dispersal via____ a) Wind, b) Animals, c) Water, d) Insects, e) a and d 96) What is the most effective & directional form of passive dispersal? a) Active dispersal b) Anemochoric c) Hydrochoric d) Zoochoric e) Actinorhizal Stop here if you’re enrolled in RS478

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16 The following questions are ONLY for NR 678 students: Jan 24 Recitation - Donlan et al. 2005 97) Donlan et al. (2011) present rewilding as an alternative to a future landscape dominated by weeds and pest species. What are two (2) other benefits of rewilding presented in the article? Do you agree that rewilding is a good idea? Why or why not? 98) Discuss one positive and one negative implication of introducing exotic megafauna species to North America to replace the species lost at the end of the Pleistocene Jan 31 Recitation – Holl and Brancalion 2020 99) Relate the reforestation efforts described in Holl and Brancalion (2020) to the “Humpty Dumpty Effect” and to the concepts of active and passive restoration 100) Discuss two or more strategies that are essential in making a tree-planting project more successful (Holl and Brancalion, 2020) Feb 7 Recitation – Ridder 2007 101) According to Riddler (2007), why should we replace the term ‘natural ecosystems’ with the term ‘historic ecosystems’? 102) If we replace the words “naturalness” and “wildness” with less ambiguous words, can we see a future with more clarity or less clarity when talking with stakeholders and the public about restoration projects? Please explain why.

478-678-2024-Exam 1 possible questions

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