Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The free energy diagram for each of the given reactions is to be drawn. The axes, transition state(s), energy of activation for each step and enthalpy change (
Concept Introduction:
Free energy diagrams are the graphical representations for a reaction in which free energy change in a reaction is monitored with the progress of the reaction. These diagrams are helpful in conveying
Electrophiles are electron deficient species which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles which accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron rich species which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles which donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule or ion that has unpaired electrons which makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
Carbocation is a molecule having a carbon atom bearing three bonds and a positive formal charge.
Carbocation are generally unstable because they do not have eight electrons to satisfy the octet rule.
The order of stability of carbocation is such that the tertiary carbocation is the most stable whereas the primary carbocation is the least stable, and secondary carbocation lies between primary and tertiary carbocations.
If primary carbocation is obtained in product, it rearranges itself to secondary or tertiary carbocation to form more stable product.
If secondary carbocation is obtained in product, it rearranges itself to tertiary carbocation to form more stable product.
The stability of carbocation:
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter FRP Solutions
Organic Chemistry
- Ethanoic acid and ethanol react together to form the ester ethyl ethanoate, CH₂COOC₂H, and water. CH₂COOH (1) + CH₂CH₂OH(I) = CH₂COOCH₂CH₂(1) + H₂O(l)arrow_forward2) For the following reactions, with arrow pushing shown, please indicate whether the reaction/products/arrow pushing is possible (as drawn with curved arrows). If its not possible, briefly describe what the error is. H2N H4N NH4 + OH H3Narrow_forwardAssume that 1 mole of ethanoic acid, 3 moles of ethyl ethanoate and 3 moles of water are mixed together in a separatory funnel at 15 ° C. How many moles of ethyl ethanoate are present in equilibrium?arrow_forward
- Give the name (common name or IUPAC name) of intermediate product (a) in the following reaction.arrow_forwardPlease don't provide handwritten solution .....arrow_forwardDecide whether the reaction below will proceed via an SN1 or SN2 mechanism. (b) Draw structural formula from the major organic product only.arrow_forward
- Identify the pericyclic reactions in the following reaction schemes. Give the complete reaction name and indicate the course of the reaction with the aid of the arrow notation.arrow_forward1) The carbon-oxygen double bond present in aldehydes and ketones is very polar. What does this mean and how does it arise? 2) The carbon-oxygen double bond is readily attacked by nucleophiles like cyanide ions or ammonia. (i) What do you understand by the term nucleophile? (ii) Which part of the carbon-oxygen double bond is attractive to nucleophiles? 3) Why is there a difference between aldehydes and ketones in their response to oxidizing agents such as potassium dichromate(VI) solution acidified with dilute sulfuric acid?arrow_forwardC₂H₂ C CH C₂H₂-CC-CH₂ C₂H₂ C-CH₂ H₂C 1) NaNiy 2) CH,Br 3) Hy/ Lindlar catalyst C₂H₂-CC-CH₂ C₂H-CC-NHCH, IVarrow_forward
- Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Bioche...ChemistryISBN:9781305960060Author:Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. HansenPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry: Matter and ChangeChemistryISBN:9780078746376Author:Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl WistromPublisher:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill School Pub CoOrganic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage LearningOrganic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage Learning