Chapter 9, Problem 9.13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis electron-dot symbol of $\text{As}$ is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Lewis electron-dot symbol is a representation employed to donate the valence electron present in the atom. It includes atom symbol to represent inner electrons and nucleus and the dots represent the valence present in the atom.

Steps to write the Lewis electron-dot symbol is as follows:

1. Determine the group of the atom so that the valence electron present in it can be calculated.

2. Put one dot at a time around the four sides of the atom.

3. Add more dots and pair them to complete the valence electron present in the atom.

The number of dots around metal is the number of electrons that metal can lose to form cation and the number of dots around nonmetal is the number of electrons that nonmetal can gain to form anion or the number of electrons that non-metal can share to form a covalent bond.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis electron-dot symbol of $\text{Se}$ is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Lewis electron-dot symbol is a representation employed to donate the valence electron present in the atom. It includes atom symbol to represent inner electrons and nucleus and the dots represent the valence present in the atom.

Steps to write the Lewis electron-dot symbol is as follows:

1. Determine the group of the atom so that the valence electron present in it can be calculated.

2. Put one dot at a time around the four sides of the atom.

3. Add more dots and pair them to complete the valence electron present in the atom.

The number of dots around metal is the number of electrons that metal can lose to form cation and the number of dots around nonmetal is the number of electrons that nonmetal can gain to form anion or the number of electrons that non-metal can share to form a covalent bond.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

The Lewis electron-dot symbol of $\text{Ga}$ is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Lewis electron-dot symbol is a representation employed to donate the valence electron present in the atom. It includes atom symbol to represent inner electrons and nucleus and the dots represent the valence present in the atom.

Steps to write the Lewis electron-dot symbol is as follows:

1. Determine the group of the atom so that the valence electron present in it can be calculated.

2. Put one dot at a time around the four sides of the atom.

3. Add more dots and pair them to complete the valence electron present in the atom.

The number of dots around metal is the number of electrons that metal can lose to form cation and the number of dots around nonmetal is the number of electrons that nonmetal can gain to form anion or the number of electrons that non-metal can share to form a covalent bond.